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Ch8 Language Change (Lexical Change (word addition (borrowing as a very…

- - - - E.g. aunt: father's sister → father's or mother's sister
  - - - E.g. Girl: young people of either sex →female
  - - - E.g. silly: happy, prosperous → foolish
- - - - one sound becomes more like another sound
        
        E.g. wolves [wulfas] → [wulvas]
    - - two similar sounds become less like one another
        
        E.g. fifth [fifθ]→ [fift]
    - - a sound is deleted
        
        E.g. nose /no:ze/ → /noʊz/
    - - a sound is added
        
        E.g. athlete æθliːt/ → aæθ.liːt/
    - - the Norman French invasion influence English
        
        E.g. pleasure, measure, vision
        
        very, vain, vacation
    - - disappeared between the times of Chaucer and Shakespeare
        
        Ex: fought: /fauxt/
    - - British → no post vocalic r; American: with post vocalic r
  - - - caused by sound reversal or a change in the order of the sounds
- - - - Wars, invasions
  - - - Child language acquisition (self-built grammar system )
      - Speaker errors
      - competing pressure (be auick and easy )
- - - - Influece: germanic language
    - - influence: alphabet, many borrowed words
  - - - French
      - different word use e.g. beaf, pork, mutton
  - - - various language influence: e.g. India
    - - Greek and Latin represented learning
    - - Economic dominance of US
- - - - SVO: English, Mandarin, Thai
      - SOV: Japanese, Korean, Hindi
    - - analytical
        
        Language that focus more on meaning and syntax
        
        E.g. Mandarin Chinese
      - synthetic
        
        Agglutinating (黏著語)
        
        languages with affixes that can be seperated easily
        
        E.g. Turkish
        
        fusional (融合語)
        
        languages with affixes that cannot be seperated easily
        
        One affix usually conveys many meanings
        
        polysynthetic (複綜語)
        
        languages with several stem forms may be combined into a single word.