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Selective Breeding (Cloning Animals (Making proteins (Cloning animals is…
Selective Breeding
Cloning Animals
- mammary gland cells removed and cultured from parent sheep
- unfertilised egg taken from egg donor sheep and nucleus removed
- fuse the two cells with an electric current
- cell develops into embryo
- embryo transferred into surrogate mother
- lamb born is identical to the parent sheep
Making proteins
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Sheep have been genetically modified to produce human proteins, eg. alpha-1-antitrypsin – used to treat emphysema and cystic fibrosis
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Cloning in plants
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Taking cuttings
- tear off a side shoot from the plant
- dip the side shoot in rooting powder
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- place under glass – 'mini greenhouse' creates warm environment to speed up growth and a humid one to reduce water loss from leaves
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Micropropagation
- remove tips of stems and side shoots, KA explants
- explants are trimmed to 0.5-1mm, and surface-sterilised to kill any microorganisms
- place in sterile agar medium containing nutrients and plant hormones to encourage growth
- more explants can be taken from new shoots until demand is satisfied
- explants with shoots transferred to another culture medium with a different balance of plant hormones to induce root formation
- explants with roots transferred to greenhouses and transplanted into compost and gradually acclimatised to normal growing conditions
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Selective breeding: the breeding of only those individuals with desirable features. AKA artificial selection