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Flooding (Basics (Flood causes (Humans (Building on flood plains causes…

- - - - Rainfall
        
        Rainfall can be semi-predicable annual rainfall or almost random convectional storms causing flash flooding.
      - Snowmelt
    - - Building on flood plains causes flooding to have an impact on life and property
      - Climate change is increasing the frequency of large flooding events
      - Environmental degradation eg. deforesting
- - - - The two key factors in fluvial or river flooding are:
        
        ● the volume of rainfall; and
        
        ● the capacity of the ground and rivers to absorb and transport the water.
      - The critical factors for pluvial or surface water flooding are
        ● the volume of rainfall;
        ● where it falls; and
        ● its intensity.
  - - - Given the predicted increase in the range of future extremes of weather, the Government should give priority to both adaptation and mitigation in its programmes to help society cope with climate change.
      - The Environment Agency should further develop its tools and techniques for predicting and modelling river flooding, taking account of extreme and multiple events and depths and velocities of water.
      - Building Regulations should be revised to ensure that all new or refurbished buildings in high flood-risk areas are flood-resistant or resilient.
      - The Government and the insurance industry should work together to deliver a public education programme setting out the benefits of insurance in the context of flooding.
      - The public should make up a flood kit – including personal documents, insurance policy, emergency contact numbers (including local council, emergency services and Floodline), torch, battery or wind-up radio, mobile phone, rubber gloves, wet wipes or antibacterial hand gel, first aid kit and blankets.
- - - - Operate public water supply reservoirs so that they help to manage flood risk and provide secure water supplies.
      - Use uplands to slow the flow by planting trees, installing woody dams and restoring peatlands.
      - Work with farmers and landowners to manage farmland to reduce run-off and restore meandering rivers.
      - Actively manage gravel to ensure it does not increase flood risk.
      - Protect our villages and towns by building flood defences, maintaining the flow under bridges and making existing and new buildings safe and resilient.
  - - - Probability
      - severity
      - Consequence
      - Susceptibility
      - Resilience/recovery
    - - Accept that absolute protection is not possible and plan for exceedance. There will always be a bigger flood. Engineering design standards, however high they are set, will be exceeded.
      - Promote some flooding as desirable. Floodplains provide a fertile area for agriculture and a variety of ecosystem goods and services to society, including natural flood storage.
      - Base decisions on an understanding of risk and uncertainty. As Voltaire proposed, the perfect is the enemy of the good. The endless search for perfect knowledge (data, information and models with which to conduct analyses) should not be a reason to delay the development of options, making choices and implementing appropriate flood-management activities.
      - Recognize that the future will be different from the past. The world is changing. Climate change, demographic change, changes in the condition of structures and other societal changes mean that planning processes that focus on a future that resembles the present are no longer acceptable.
      - Do not rely on a single measure, but implement a portfolio of responses. SFM involves consideration of the widest possible set of management actions. This includes implementing policies and measures that act to reduce the probability and reduce the consequences of flooding (by managing both exposure and vulnerability) while taking the opportunity to promote ecosystem services, economics and societies.
      - Utilize limited resources efficiently and fairly to reduce risk. The level of effort used in managing floods and their consequences must be related to the nature of risks and not universal or generalized engineering standards of protection.
      - Be clear on responsibilities for governance and action. The role of governments, businesses, and other organizations including the affected communities and individuals must be clearly defined. Each level of government, from national through provincial and to the local, has a specific role to play in risk management.
      - Communicate risk and uncertainty effectively and widely. Decision-makers and the public alike must understand the risks that they face; frequently they do not. Too often, after a flood, those affected claim that no-one had told them of the risk they faced.
      - Promote stakeholder participation in the decision-making process. The people at risk from flooding, and society as a whole, have a legitimate interest in the decisions that are being taken on their behalf.
      - Reflect local context and integrate with other planning processes. The details of any strategy will be different; reflecting the specific risks that must be faced.