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The Verb: the Categories of Voice and Mood (The category of voice…
The Verb: the Categories of Voice and Mood
The category of voice
The form of the verb may show
the subject
is the doer of the action
John broke the vase
the recipient of the action
the
vase was broken
the opposition
Passive voice
Active
voice
classification
Verbs used only transitively
to mark
to raise
Verbs with the main transitive meaning
to see
to make
to build
Verbs of intransitive meaning and secondary transitive meaning
They laughed me
into agreement
He danced the girl out of the room
Verbs of a double nature
to drive home
to drive a
car
Verbs that are never used in the Passive Voice
to seem
to become
Verbs that realize their passive meaning only in special contexts
to live
to sleep
to sit
to jump.
to walk
Three types of passive constructions
1) direct primary
passive
A book was given to him. The story was told to her sister.
2) indirect secondary passive
He was given a book. Her sister was told the story.
3) prepositional tertiary passive
Everything was taken care of
She could not bear being read to any longer
He was constantly being laughed at.
Voices
Middle
the verbs primarily transitive may develop an intransitive
middle meaning
That adds a lot.
The door opened.
The book sells easily.
The
dress washes well.
Reflexive
the subject is both the agent
and the recipient of the action at the same time
He dressed.
He washed
He washed himself.
Reciprocal
always possible to use a
reciprocal pronoun here
They met.
They kissed.
They kissed each other.
The category of mood
the system of oblique moods
Subjunctive I
So be it. Long live the Queen.
Subjunctive II
If I had / had had time
Conditional
I would go / would have gone there
Suppositional
I demand that he should be present
two forms of Subjunctive II and Conditional used in a conditional period
homonymous to Past Indefinite and Future-in-the-Past
homonymous to
Past Perfect and Future-Perfect-in-the-Past
express the same meaning and don’t exist independently
Prof. Khlebnikova called mood
Conjunctive
Subjunctive I and Suppositional
used in specific syntactic
structures
after ‘demand'
after ‘suggest’, etc.
two oppositions
the indicative mood
the basic mood of
the verb
the spective mood
represents a process
as a non-fact
Mood and modality
The main markers
the modal auxiliaries
must
will
may
shall
can
two parts
the dictum
what is said
It is hot outside.
the modus
how it is said
Three main kinds of modal meaning
deontic
influencing actions, states, or events
You must come in immediately (obligation).
You can have one more turn. (permission)
You can’t have any more. (prohibition)
May he lose the race. (wish)
epistemic
concerned with the speaker’s judgement of the truth
of the proposition embedded in the statement.
It was a mistake.
You may be right
dynamic
subject-oriented
and generally concerns the properties and dispositions of persons
Liz can drive better than you.
I asked Ed to go but he won’t.
Oppositional reduction of verbal categories
neutralization
suspension of
otherwise functioning oppositions
The exhibition opens next week.
types
obligatory
occurs in clauses of time and
condition whose verb-predicate expresses a future action
optional
the paradigmatically required form “will start” can
be used here
transposition
when one of the members of the opposition is placed in contextual conditions
uncommon for it
He is always borrowing my pen.