Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Geography Year 10 - Case Studies, The Challenge of Natural Hazards (How…
Geography Year 10 - Case Studies
The Challenge of Natural Hazards
How response is affected by development
Case Study : Hurricane Katrina
Category 5
Storm surges over 6m high
New Orleans affected the worst (80% flooded)
Environmental
Dead Crops: Many crops were destroyed and meant that there
wasn't enough food
to provide for the entire community
Flooding : New Orleans and other states were
left below sea level
, as their levees broke due to the severity of Hurricane Katrina - causing flooding.
Economic
Damage : Around
$300 billion worth of damage
was caused. Many houses and business were destroyed.
Insurance - Approximately
$40 billion
were spent just on insurance, as people had applied for car, house, pet, health insurance and the government had to pay for new jobs, homes etc.
Looting : Criminal gangs roamed the streets
looting homes and stealing valuables
from other places.
Social
Deaths :
Over 1500 people
lost their lives
Homelessness :
800,000 housing units
destroyed
Millions of people were forced to take refuge in the Super bowl
This lead to extreme conditions - diseases and illnesses
More money spent on medication and doctors
Water : Drinking water system was contaminated so disease spread easily
(Cholera, diarrhea)
Responses
Short term
National Guard mobilised to restore and maintain law and order
$50bn in aid from government
UK government sent food aid
Long term
Roughly 200 miles of flood walls and levees strengthened or replaced
Roughly $17bn for rebuilding damaged houses and infrastructure
Emergency aid services have been made more efficient
CASE STUDY : CHILE 2010 vs NEPAL 2015
Chile 2010
When : 2010 (Feb 27)
Magnitude
8.8 (Richter Scale)
Just off coast of central Chile
Effects
Primary
500 killed
12,000 injured
Over 200,000 houses destroyed
4,500 schools destroyed
Santiago airport badly damaged, hampering international aid efforts
$30 bn overall
Secondary
1500km of roads destroyed by landslides - cutting off remote communities
Coastal towns and Pacific countries affected by tsunami (It happened just off the coast)
Responses
Short term
Emergency services and international help supplied field hospitals
Temporary repairs to route 5 highway within 24 hours, enabling transport of aid from Santiago to remote communities
Power and water restored to 90% of homes in 10 days
Long term
Housing reconstruction planned to help nearly 200,000 a month after
Strong economy based on copper exports, didn't require much foreign aid
President announced it could take as little as 4 years to fully recover
What Type : Destructive Plate Margin
Which Plates :Nazca plate subducted beneath South American
Nepal 2015
Which Plates : Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates
When : 2015
What Type : Destructive Plate Margin
Magnitude
7.9 (Richter Scale)
80km North - West of Capital (Kathmandu)
Responses
Short term
UK + India + China sent rescues teams and water/medical supplies promptly
Helicopters delivered supplies to villages that had been cut off by landslides
300,000 people migrated to Kathmandu for shelter / support
Long term
Roads repaired
Landslides cleared
Heritage sites re-opened to boost tourism
Effects
Primary
9,000 killed
20,000 injured
3 million homeless
7,000 schools destroyed
$5bn overall cost
1.4 million without food, water or shelter for days - weeks after (roughly half of all made homeless)
Secondary
Roads blocked by landslides, hampering relief efforts
Avalanche left 250 missing
Avalanche on Everest killed 19
Chile has a higher HDI and GDP than Nepal, it is a lot more developed
In the UK
Boscastle Flooding
2004
Effects
Economic
Local companies couldn't open
Local economy suffered from loss of tourism
Homes, bridges, roads and cars destroyed
Total cost of 4.5 million in reparations
Environmental
Crops damaged
Social
No deaths or injuries
Responses
Short term
People evacuated
Resources allocated via helicopters
Long term
River widened + riverbed lowered
New flood wall added
Bridges made higher
Car park extended and raised
The Living World (Ecosystems and Hot Deserts)
Deforestation
Deforestation : Malaysia CASE STUDY
Causes of Deforestation (REP)
Logging
1980s : Became world's biggest tropical timber exporter
*Road building
Roads are needed
to provide access to mining area, settlements and energy projects
to bring in machinery
export timber
*Energy development (Bakun Dam in Sarawak)
Only began generating in 2011
50 years of delay
Due to controversies surrounding it
Reservoir flooded 700km2 of forest and farmland
Several more planned to provide for industrialised Peninsular Malaysia
*Population pressure
Moving into the countryside (transmigration) used to be heavily promoted to decrease population of rapidly growing cities
15,000 hectares of rain forest felled for settlers to set up plantation from 1950 - 1980
Subsistence farming
Slash and burn can get out of control
Commercial farming
Largest exporter of palm oil in the world
10 year tax incentives encouraging land use as plantations
Mineral extraction
Tin mining / smelting is common
Land required for roads and mines
Drilling for oil / gas becoming a larger issue in Borneo
Impacts (SECB)
*Soil erosion
Roots of trees / plants binds soil together
Soil more easily eroded due to deforestation
Biodiversity loss
Destroys ecosystem
Destroys ground and tree based habitats
*Climate change
Transpiration - Trees give off moisture
Deforestation reduces moisture in air
DRIER CLIMATE
Evaporation uses up heat and cools air
Deforestation stops cooling from occuring
TEMPERATURES RISE
Increased CO2 as trees can't absorb
GLOBAL WARMING ACCELERATED
*Economic development
Short term economic gains - Long terms losses
Gains
More jobs
Taxes improve local public services
Transport infrastructure improved
Losses
Water shortages
Pollution of sources
Drier climate
Medically beneficial plants may go extinct
Deforestation is the deliberate and often permanent cutting down of trees, often on a very large scale
Development opportunities
Living in the desert : Thar desert CASE STUDY
(EWI for challenges, MEFT for development opportunities)
Development opportunities
*Mineral extraction
Valuable reserves of minerals and stone which can be used and exported across the world
Gypsum
Making plaster for construction industry
Making cement
Reserves of marble quarried near Jodhpur
*Energy
India's largest wind farm
Jaisalmer Wind Park constructed 2001
Extensive lignite coal deposits
Large oil field in Barmer District
Has potential to benefit local economy
*Farming
Commercial farming made possible by irrigation
Indira Ghandi Canal in 1958
Over 3000km2 irrigated by the same canal
Tourism
Popular tourist destination
10,000s / year many from Pakistan
Desert safaris, particularly in Jailsalmer
Annual Desert Festival
Locals benefit by accommodating, guiding or looking after and rearing camels
Challenges to development
*Extreme temperatures
Exceeds 50 degrees in Summer
Very hard to work outside, especially for farmers
Water shortages due to high rates of evaporation
Livestock / Cattle need shade
*Water supply
Water is scarce and demand is increasing
Population growing
Farming industry developed
Low annual rainfall
Strong winds cause high rates of evaporation
*Inaccessibility
Limited road network
Tarmac melts
Sand blows over roads
Most places only accessible by camel
Dangerously crowded buses
The Changing Economic World
Tourism on development
Tunisia
7 UNESCO heritage sites
Disadvantages
Tourism companies keep most profit
Terrorist a ttacks aimed at tourists, disrupting the income
Pollution of beaches from untreated hotel sewage
Improvements
Companies such as Thomas Cook have helped to develop the country's tourism
2009 : Tourism industry provided 400,000 jobs
Benefited hotel industry, agricultural sector (provides food) and taxi companies
Increase in life expectancy, health and literacy rate
More equality for women, with increased exposure to more socially developed countries
Nigeria
Importance
In Africa
Most populous country
Rich culture
Music
Nollywood
Literature
Globally
7th most populous country
Large producer and exporter of petroleum
NEE, increase in GDP by 400% over 10 year span
Changing industrial structure
Primary sector has shrunk significantly
Secondary sector has remained roughly the same, grown slightly
Tertiary sector is now the largest industrial sector
Reasons for economic growth (HIT)
High value exports : natural resources such as petroleum
Increasing use of machinery ; improved productivity
Economy more balanced between different sectors ; many income sources
Rapid advances in technology ; IT driving economy
Investment in science and technology training, huge population is an asset
Telecommunication use is increasing : Able to benefit from global finance and trade more
Manufacturing is significant (COM)
Cheap labour force
Multiplier effect and foreign investment
Oil processing creates chemicals which spawns the growth of the chemical industry
TNCs
Advantages
Improves infrastructure
Invest in the economies of developing countries ; helping raise living standards
Offer consumers a large degree of consumer choice
Lower unemployment rate
Disadvantages
Exploitation of cheap labour ; poor pay
Profits don't generally remain in the country the goods are manufactured in
TNC's avoid paying full taxes in the countries they operate in
Responsible for a growing global wealth divide
Effect on the environment
Aid
Limited access to necessary services
NGOs such as IDA support health projects to raise standards of living
For
Helps in short term
Educates about important issues like disease spread
Against
Country becomes dependent
Political ties / influence from donor
Environmental impacts of economic development (bodo oil spills)
Advantages shell bring
Employ 60,000 people and 200,000 indirectly
Pay billions to government in tax and roaylties as well as social investment programs
Disadvantages
Hundreds of oil spills in Niger Delta caused by old and poorly maintained pipelines
Devastating impact on the fields, forests and fisheries that are depended on for food and livelihood
Pollutes and contaminates water ; health risk
Bodo oil spill
55 year old pipline owned by Shell ruptured twice
600,000 barrels of oil leaked
Destroyed fishing grounds
Long lasting ill health
Polluted fresh water sources
Rapid urbanisation ; low standards of living
General info
Neighbours Niger and Chad
West Africa
Political
Officially a democratic country
Since independence in 1960, civil wars but now a stable democracy
Economic
2010 : 30% employed in agriculture
Petroleum accounts for 40% of GDP
Social
Very young population, almost half of population are under 14
Still majority rural
Birth rate is more than double the death rate
The Challenge of Resource Management
Renewable energy
Chambamontera (Peru)
Where
Isoalted community
Andes mountains, Peru
What
Micro - hydro system
Harnesses water to generate HEP
Sustainable
Bypass channels water away from river to generate electricity, then returns it to river
Flow can be regulated
High rianfall + steep slopes + fast flowing rivers
Easy to exploit water power
Why
High rainfall
Steep slopes
Fast flowing rivers
Benefits
Social
Street lights allow people to go out after dark
Can store medicines and vaccines
Economic
Business developments such as coffee de-husking
Environmental
Reduced danger of flooding (flow can be regulated)
Reduced deforestation / soil erosion as wood doesn't need to be burned as a heat source
Energy distribution
Trans-alaskan pipeline service (TAPS)
1300km pipeline
In Alaska