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Alterations in Function of the Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas (p.804-901)
Alterations in Function of the Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas (p.804-901)
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Functional Anatomy of the Pancreas
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疾病
急性胰臟炎
治療
Chronic Pancreatitis
治療
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Liver Diseases
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Grade 1: Confusion, subtle behavioral changes, no flap present(-)
2) Grade 2: Drowsy, clear behavioral changes, flap present(+)
3) Grade 3: Stuporous but can follow commands, marked confusion, slurred speech, flap present (+)
4) Grade 4: Coma, no flap
Treatment:
1.correcting any identifiable precipitating factors
2.Restriction of dietary protein (30~40gm/qd) ➢Lactulose and Amoxicillin
Cerebral Edema
1.brain (cerebral edema) often develops in patients with grade 3 or 4 hepatic encephalopathy and results in an increase in intracranial pressure.
2.increasing intracranial pressure, blood perfusion of the brain is decreased with resulting cerebral hypoxia.
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Liver DiseasesStructure and
Function of the Liver
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Acute Viral hepatitis
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治療
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疾病
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Alcoholic Hepatitis
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- 臨床上,疾病的範圍從輕度到非常嚴重,最壞的情況是肝腫大,發燒,急性肝功能衰竭和腦病。
5.治療:Thiamine 100 mg daily, 硫胺素每天100毫克,維生素B12和葉酸的含量應進行測量並根據需要補充。
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Liver Abscess
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- 膽結石的升支性膽管炎的並發症,與腸道感染相關的過敏性反應(例如,通過門靜脈的闌尾炎)或由血管內感染導致的血源性。
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6.建議使用超聲引導或CT引導的膿腫細針抽吸術,以提供革蘭氏染色和培養所需的材料及血液細菌培養 ◆菌種-腹部來源的化膿性肝膿腫通常含有Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Bacteroides fragilis 。
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◆治療: third-generation cephalosporin ( ceftriaxone;Rocephin) or add metronidazole β-lactam with β-lactamase inhibitor(例如UNASYN(ampicillin/sulbactam)
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Malignancy
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7.治療:肝癌的唯一治療方法是肝切除術,首選部分切除術,但是對於定位於肝臟的腫瘤,完全肝切除術然後進行肝 移植是一種根本選擇。
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