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Arabic music (Musical features (Maqam (Maqam Rast (Made up of C, D, E-b,…

- - - - Made up of C, D, E-b, F, G, A, B-b
  - - - dumm (D) – lowest sound possible on a drum
      - takk (T) – short high-pitched sound at the rim of the drum
  - - - When there is a single melodic line
      - No chords of harmony
    - - Multiple instrumentalists and singers perform a melody together
      - Each performer may play variations of the melody
      - When accompanying a solo voice, instrumentalists may create imitation of the melodic line
  - - - 10-12 pieces based in the same maqam
      - Different rhythmic modes
    - - Ud improvisation
      - Establish mood and mode of performance
    - - Short instrumental compositions
      - Several pre-composed songs
      - Improvisatory solos on other instruments may be added in between compositions
    - - Singer improvises melodically using phrases
      - eg. ya layl (O night)
      - Introduction to vocal genre which concludes the suite
  - - - Hosted by rich elite and local government officials in private homes or courts and palaces
      - Contexts eg. wedding parties, religious holidays, receptions of the elite
    - - Open courtyards of a home
      - Coffeehouses
    - - Played in concert halls and opera houses
        –> introduced by Europeans
      - Taught in music colleges / conservatories
- - - - Plucked lute with short, unfretted neck, played with a plectrum
    - - Violin tuned in fifths
    - - Trapezoidal zither
      - 25-27 strings
      - Strings plucked by a short plectrum with both hands
      - Large range
    - - End-blown flute
    - - Tambourine with 5 sets of cymbals
- - - - Electric keyboard
      - synthesizers
      - accordion
      - saxophone
      - trumpet
      - drum machines
  - - - Vocal improvisation
      - Wordplay in colloquial Arabic, breaking free from the strict constraints of classical Arabic
      - Singer's voice has a low, raspy edge – high-pitched, nasal crying intonation expresses melancholy
      - May be accompanied or answered by the nay or accordion, saxophone or keyboard
    - - Short and fast
      - Often repetitive
        => hypnotic, trance-like effect
      - Simple lyrics containing slang sung to the melody, may contain social commentaries