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Milgram & Bandura Studies (Milgram (Methods used in the study? (One…
Milgram & Bandura Studies
Bandura et al
Methods used in the study?
Lab experiment
3 experimental conditions -and one controlled condition
Experimental method
counterbalancing?
content analysis
between participants design
Carried out in america
Purpose?
dependant variable;the amount of imitative behaviour and aggression shown by the child
External influences on childrens behaviour
Can be replicated
Who were the participants?
From university nursery
Equal number of boys and girls
Children
children not given the option for self selecting
Assessed children on previous agressive behavior
Results
Quantative data
What was it's main purpose?
Milgram
What was it's main purpose?
explore obedience to authority
To find out why people do evil things?
Responses to people of authority
Methods used in the study?
One hour experiment
Qualititative data collection
Lab experiment
Standardised experiment. Controlled experiment/ one condition pg 74 IP
Limited the experiment to men as a controlled effect in original study
Between particpants design - take part in only one condition
Experimental method
standardised responses by authoritive figure..I.e...you must continue
dependant variable- how many shocks given
no independant variable in initial study
Can be replicated due to standardised procedure- difficult to replicate due to ethical reasons although in recent times these obstacles have been overcome with virtual reality for example.
Who were the participants?
Various professions
Aged between 20-50
Men
40 participants
More participants in further studies - 800 - 19 variations of the design
Adults
Self selecting sampling methods
What did the researchers actually do?
Notes were taken through an observation mirror
Observed reactions and counted the number of participants that went all the way pg 72 IP
video recordings
what were the results?
26 continued up to 450 volts
All obeyed up to 300 volts
5 stopping between 315-435 volts
Average voltage that partici[ants stopped shocking the learner was 368 volts
quantative data
What conclusions were drawn from the study?
Highlighted the phenomenon of obedience
Could not reveal what it is about the situation that made participants administer lethal shocks- inconclusive
Milgram went on to vary the experiment in later studies
Further studies indicated 2 factors in obedience: -proximity and prescence of authority figure
''a substantial proportion of people do what they are told to do, irrespective of the content of the act and without limitations of conscience, so lomg as they preceive tht the command comes from legitimate authority
Limitations?
Experimentors (authoritive figure) were male
could personality of participants be a confounding variable? f- scale?
More empathetic people?
Some participants could have recognised that the experimenter could have been the teacher- attempt o deceive may not have worked
Lab situation- not reflective of actual events
Cannot be generalised as experiments were conducted in western culture
Participant is paid so therefore feels obliged
No prior assessment of obedience tendancies
Pilot studies
Why was the research conducted?
Inspired by Arendts reports about Eichman - the banality of evil. pg65 in IP
After WW2 psychologists were interested in why people do harm to others and how to prevent such atrocities happening again
Drawn upon research by adorno
Examined justifications for acts of genocide during WW2
Limitations?
Sampling Bias: The participants were from a single nursery and were children of
University, therefore is biased and ungeneralisable
children might have unusual home lives and particularly educated parents, making them unrepresentative of normal children.
Children coerced- ethical issues
Why was the research conducted?
Growing public concern about the effects of televised violence on children -pg 90 IM
https://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/170180-guide-to-core-studies.pdf
https://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/1091/thesis.pdf?sequence=1
http://www.psychologywizard.net/bandura-ao1.html
http://www.psychologywizard.net/bandura-ao3.html