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Literature & Philosophy: An Exploration of Ideas and Expression…

- - - - Publishes essay "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory" in 1988. Examines "acts" and "performance" of gender. "Acts" are socially shared--constituted through recognition of Others, anti-substance theory of gender, gender is recognized through its repeated acts, acts constitute gender identity. "Gender is in no way a stable identity or locus of agency from which various acts proceed; rather, it is an identity tenuously constituted in time--an identity instituted through a stylized repetition of acts"
- - - - Jean Paul-Sartre (1905-1980)
        
        Published his essay "Existentialism is a Humanism" in 1946. Being exists in physical world. Since there is only one human realm, Sartre prioritizes the needs of human rather than God.
        "Existence precedes essence"
        We are thrown into the world. Emphasizes responsibility--rejects determinism and the "I" as a thinking substance. "I" comes from awareness of others and the world.
        Key Terms: Bad faith, being in-itself, being for-itself, facticity, phenomenology.
    - - John Locke (1632-1703)
        
        Tabula rasa
        Published An Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1689
        Tabula rasa or "blank slate" is the notion that ideas and concepts are not
        "built in" or exists prior to our experience with them.
        Ideas are the basic building blocks to how we acquire knowledge.
        Three Kinds of ideas:
        
        Substance-Self-subsisting things or a
        collection of self-subsisting things
        
        Modes-A complex idea all of whose component parts are variations or combinations of a single simple idea
        
        Relations-Comparing relational concepts without combining them together to make a new concept
        
        The Soul is inefficient to identify a person.
        Identity is a relation between two things that are determined to remain the same. Person is different from man
- - - - Conflicts of Morality between the State/Collective vs. Self/Divine
        Oppenheimer, Arendt, Sophocles, Nietzsche
        Oppenheimer explores the killers involved in the Indonesian massacre and how they justify their actions against international laws.
        Sophocles portrays the dispute between authority of the State vs. the Individual through Creon and Antigone.
        Arendt analyzes Adolph Eichmann's trial and concludes that he exploited Kant's concept of duty to justify his "thoughtless" actions in the Holocaust.
        Nietzsche endorses new philosophers to overcome conventional methods of morality and Christianity.
        
        Hannah Arendt (1906-1975)
        
        Banality of evil.
        "Bureaucracy is the rule of nobody and that is what makes it hard to judge because bureaucracy doesn't embody one person and that is what makes it hard to judge."
        Published Eichmann in Jerusalem in 1963. Covered trial of Adolph Eichmann who was accused of being involved in the Holocaust. Although Arendt believes Eichmann's actions were reprehensible, she objects to his reasoning of acting on Kant's "duty." Argued that Eichmann's sense of duty didn't come from reasoning, but came from the Fuhrer. Charges Eichmann with thoughtlessness. We are compelled to judge the actions of others. Judging allows for questioning of immoral acts.
        Comment: Analysis of Kant's categorical imperative from Eichmann.
        
        Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
        
        "In the end one has to do everything one-self in order to know a few things oneself: that is, one has a lot to do"
        Published Beyond Good and Evil in 1886. Reconstructs morality and ideas to establish a new way of thinking. Truth isn't absolute. Overcoming the realm of ideas that Christianity influenced. Thinking is a type of instinct. Instinct and Reason are opposed--Reason is just another type of appetite, falsely disguised as something else. Prioritizes elevated imagery using metaphors. "Free will" is merely a fueling of delight in the act of commanding. Anti-democratic and anti-egalitarian thinker. Hierarchical philosophy. Skepticism can be a tool to dismantle religious thought. Rather than one morality among many, we should desire morality of the self. Philosophy can allow us to get out of this thinking and become an area of strength. Makes philosophy into a type of art/artifice. Takes us away form the dichotomy between fact and truth
      - J.S. Mills (1806-1873)
        
        "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied."
        Published Utilitarianism in 1861. Consequentialist approach to ethics, which is an immediate approach and doesn't desire logical inquiry. Promoting happiness determines the promotion of the general happiness. Actions are "right" when they intend to promote happiness. Competent judges discern who has experienced feelings of pain and pleasure and is able to distinguish between the two. Our notions of justice derives from the idea of social utility. The feeling of justice is a desire for punishment when we feel that a crime has been committed. This is where the conception punishment is established.