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Innate Immunity: Lecture 6 (Vasodilation and Permeability (Bradykinins…
Innate Immunity: Lecture 6
Inflammation
a general, non-specific response to tissue damage which can result from a variety of causes
causes include: heat, chemicals, cuts, sunburns, abrasions, and pathogens
Acute
develops quickly, short lived, and typically beneficial
eliminates cause
dilates and increases permeability of blood vessels
helps in tissue repair
Chronic
causes damage
cause death to tissues and results in disease
characterized by redness (rubor), heat, swelling, and pain
Vasodilation and Permeability
produce redness and localized heat associated with inflammation
Bradykinins
forms when the processes of blood clotting following damage to a blood vessel triggers conversion of a plasma protein into a peptide
Prostaglandins
are released by macrophages; use toll-like receptors and NOD proteins
Leukotrienes
are released by same cells that release prostaglandins
Histamines
are released by basophils, platelets, and mast cells
both leukotrienes and histamines help contribute to the edema inflammation
this helps deliver blood to the site of the injury
bradykinin and histamine cause vd of the body's smallest arteries; result in more blood going to the site of infection; brings more phagocytes, oxygen, and nutrician
prostaglandins and leukotrienes make the venules more penetrable/ permeable; leaves gaps in the wall and phagocytes can move into the damaged tissue and fight off the invaders
when permeability is high it allows delivery of more bloodborne antimicrobial chemicals to the site
fluids end up leaking from these areas and settles in the surrounded tissue giving you edema; the edema puts pressure on the nerve endings and causes pain
delivering fibrinogen causes clots to form at the infection site which helps wall off the area and prevents pathogens and toxins from spreading
a possible pus formation, made up of dead tissue cells, leukocytes, and pathogens, can push up towards the surface and erupt or it can remain isolated and the body may absorb it in a few days
pus being absorbed can cause an abscess- pimples, boils, and pustules
To treat antihistamines you have to use a blocking histamine receptor
Aspirin and ibuprofen can reduce pain because it prevents the synthesis of prostaglandins
phagocytes are attracted to the site of infection by chemotactic factors including C5a, leukotrienes, microbial components, and toxins
Once monocytes leave the blood they are called macrophages; macrophages devour pathogens and dead neutrophils; a major component of pus.
tissue repair is the final part of inflammation
Fever
when the body's temperature is over 37 degrees celcius
side effects: malaise, tiredness, body aches
results when pyrogens, chemicals, trigger the hypothalamus to increase the body's core temperature
cytoplasmic contents of bacteria are released by lysis
pyrogens released by phagocytes that have phagocytized bacteria
exact mechanism is not known
as long as the pyrogens are present the fever stays
body begins to cool down by sweating
Outcomes of fever
enhance effects of interferons
inhibits growth of some microbes
may enhance activities of phagocytes, cells of specific immunity, and process of tissue repair
if fever is too high, critical proteins denature and nerve impulses are inhibited; results in hallucinations, coma, and even death
Many doctors recommend refraining from taking fever reducing drugs unless the fever is prolonged or extremely high.
fever can be beneficial, but doctors feel the benefits are too slight