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Qualitative Methods (Lectures) (What is Qualitative Research?…
Qualitative Methods
(Lectures)
What
is
Qualitative Research
?
a Hierarchy
a
type of
Research Strategy
def.:
General Orientation to the Conduct of
Social res.
(Qualitative, or Quantitative)
Research Design / Methodology
def. (primarily)
a Strategy to ensure that the
Empirical data
give a
Satisfying answer
to the
Res. Question
Flexible Structure
/
Unstructured
more like an
Adventure
and
Not
a
Recipe
(Algorithm --> Quantitative)
resembles >
Handcraft
is
Creative
Design Models
Maxwell's Interactive
Model
(all intertwined)
Goals
Conceptual Framework
Methods
Validity
Context
Research Question
is at the
Center
Bryman's Iterative
Model
General
Res. Question
Selection
of relevant
Subjects
and Context(s)
Data Collection
Data Analysis/Interpretation
Conceptual and Theoretical work
(evt. --> 5a.)
5a. Tighter
Specification
of the
Res. Question
(--> 5b.)
5b.
Collection
of
Further data
(--> 4.)
Writing up
Findings/Conclusions
Literature Research
and Theoretical Framing (?)
Design Types
Case studies
Experimental
Longitudinal
Cross-Sectional
Comparative
Methods / Techniques
Characteristics:
Consistency btw:
Epistemological assumptions &
choice of Methods
Constructionist
Ontological position
Social properties are Outcomes
of the Interaction btw Individuals
rather than Phenomena 'Out there'
Inductive
(or Abductive)
Not much Deductive (mostly Quantitative)
Interpretationist
Epistemological position
Understanding the world through the Interpretations of
res.ers and ppt.s
Theory Producing
(rather than theory Testing)
theory and categorization emerges out of the
collection/data
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
QUANT
. //
QUAL
.
Numbers // Words
Res.er.s Pow // Ppt's Pow
res.er Distant // res.er Close (--> Reflexivity)
theory Testing // theory Emergent/Creating
Static // Process
Structured // Unstructured
Hard, Reliable data // Rich, Deep data
Macro // Micro
Behavior // Mening
Artifical settings // Natural settings
Goal
Describe
Explain
Evaluate
Improve, ...
Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths
Contextual sensitivity
Contextual Understanding of Social Behavior
behavior, values, etc. must be
Understood in Context
Naturalistic
studies phenomena > in Real-World settings
can
study Rare, New events
/phenomena
fit to Research w Practitioners
Weaknesses
Subjectivity
too Subjective
builds on Implicit Knowledge
Replicability
too Difficult to Replicate
Transparency and Reliability
Ignored
Generalization
problem
Theoretical Imposition
data is Subordinate to
pre-existing Theoretical Concepts
Procedure
Evaluation
Quality Criteria
3 main approaches:
Alternative
Trustworthyness
Credibility
--> Internal validity
bl.a.: Respondent Validation
Transferability
--> External validity
if
Findings hold
in some
Other Context
Confirmability
--> Objectivity
show that Res.er acted in Good Faith,
Not Overtly allowed Personal Biases
Dependability
--> Reliability
Auditing approach -->
complete Records
of all the phases of the process
Reject Qual. Criteria
Same
as
Quantitative
res.
Validity
def.: shows the
Relation
btw:
the study
Conclusions
and
its
Empirical Evidence
Concept
validity
1 more item...
Internal
validity
1 more item...
External
validity
1 more item...
Ecological
validity
1 more item...
Reliability
def.:
*Consistency
in the
Registration
and
Interpretation
of data*
Inter-rater
1 more item...
Solidity
1 more item...
Replicability
1 more item...
Stability over time
Other
Pragmatic / Transformative Validity
is it Res. that Improves smth?
Generalization
Implicit gen.
Gen. Issues are Not Directly discussed
Analytical
gen.
Theoretical generalization
Naturalistic gen.
Research Question
is at the
Center
of the whole Res. Process
Goals
Exploring
Describing (Properties)
Describing (Process)
Explaining
Modifying
Evaluating
Illustrating
Sampling
of
People
and
Contexts
Purposive Sampling
the
Res. Q.
is at the
Center
Different Types:
A priori
Conditioned
Theoretical Sampling
2 more items...
Snowball
Generic Purposive sampling
1 more item...
Size is influenced by implicit norms
No Standardized procedure
Sampling Strategies
Criteria-based sample
Criteria and Representativity
are defined in Advance
Data-guided sample
Theoretical Sampling
closely connected to GT (see connection)
-->
research Design Types
Methodology
Data Collection Methods / Techniques
Data Analysis Methods
Case studies
Experimental
Longitudinal
Cross-Sectional
Comparative
