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Layer 1 (Egg shell quality& cage layer fatigue (Shell formation…

- - - - % from reservoir depends on Ca availability from diets
      - Ca reservoir restored only in laying pauses or molting
- - - - 取决于uterus停留时间 + rate of Ca transfer via uterine fluid
      - 母鸡每天产生的蛋壳量恒定,无论蛋大小
      - 日龄↑&蛋过大→厚度↓（↓rate与饲料&遗传有关）换羽可修复
      - 热应激&疾病→蛋壳厚度↓
  - - - Exchange of gases (O2 in&CO2 out) & water evaporation
      - An egg has 6,500 pores, +++ pores at blunt end over air cell
- - - - Slow step-down = more light h to eat=delay maturity +↑egg size
      - Fast step-down = less light h = earlier maturity + ↓ egg size
    - - Early stimulation at lighter BW = accelerate maturity +↓egg size
      - Later stimulation at heavier BW = delay maturity +↑egg size
- - - - Vit D * for intestinal absorption of Ca and P
      - P is low in shell, but * for replenishing medullary bone
      - ∴ sufficient P in diet assimilates (吸收) Ca into bone matrix
    - - High dietary chloride should generally be avoided
      - 用sodium bicarbonate (碳酸氢钠) or sodium carbonate(碳酸钠)取代部分salt↑shell quality
  - - - →acid/base disturbances in blood
      - ↓CO2↑pH =↓ionized Ca and carbonate for shell formation
      - ↑dietary Ca does not help