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Week 8: Organic Halogen Compounds (Physical Properties (Structure (Alkyl…
Week 8: Organic Halogen Compounds
Physical Properties
Structure
Aryl Halides: Aromatic functional group
Carbon bonded to the halogen is sp2 hybridized
Alkyl Halides: with Alkane functional group
Carbon bonded to the halogen is sp3 hybridized
(involved in) Nucleophilic Substitution:Substitution of a functional group by a nucleophile
1.Formation of the new bond to the nucleophile
2.Breaking of the bond to the leaving group
2 types
SN2:Substitution-Nucleophilic Bimolecular
is a 1 step reaction
Rate law: Rate of reaction = k [Nucleophile] [Reactant]
Presence of transition state
where Bond breaking & bond forming occurs at the same time
Affected by 2 factors
Type of alkyl halide
. Type of nucleophile:Negatively charged nucleophile are more reactive than the neutral one.
SN1: Substitution-Nucleophilic Unimolecular
is a 2 steps reaction
Rate law: Rate of reaction = k [intermediate carbocation]
where Bond breaking & bond forming occurs one after another
Presence of intermediate
2 ways to synthesise it
Electrophilic addition to alkenes:Electrophile e.g. Hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr, HI) is added onto the alkene by Markovnikov Rule:
Nucleophilic Substitution of Alcohols:Nucleophile e.g. Halides on HX (X=Cl, Br, I) substitutes out the –OH part of 3° alcohol via SN1 pathway.
Solubility: insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvent
Denser than water
