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SPEECH ACTS (ILLOCUTIONARY ACT (Searl's) (Expressive (apology,…
SPEECH ACTS
ILLOCUTIONARY ACT (Searl's)
Declarative
ex: "I now pronounce you husband & wife" ; "You're out!"
Change the state of affair = utterance
Expressive
apology, complaint, thank sb, congratulate
ex: Congratulatuions!
Express feelings & attitudes
Directive
command, order, request, suggestion
ex: Why don't you open the door?
To get listener to do sth
Representative
statements of fact, assertion, conclusions, description
ex: "This is German car" ; "It was a sunny day"
Describe states or events
Commissive
Speaker commits to do sth in future
ex: I'll be back; We will not do that
promise, threat, refusal, pledge
Phatic act
ex: How are you doing?
hành động xã giao, k có function
Doing sth by saying
Question
question; Searle -> it is directive
ex: Who won the 2008 election?
Get the listener to provide infor
Felicity/ Appropriateness conditions
Definition:
be fullfilled for speech act -> satisfactorily performed or realized
Types
Preparatory conditions
prior to utterance
able to do the act
Sincerity conditions
speaker's state of mind
commissive -> intend to do X
Essential conditions
promise -> create obligation to carry out ; change state from non-obligation to obligation
Propositional content conditions
state of affairs predicate in utterance
promise/warn -> content -> future event
DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS
Sentence types - Function
interrogative (nghi vấn) - question
imperative (mệnh lệnh) - command/request
declarative (tường thuật) - statement
exclamatory (cảm thán) - exclamation
Characteristics of ISA
Rationality -> relevant to what going on
Conventionality -> which sentence should be use for ISA
Logical priority of meanings -> meaning not conveyed in paralell
Purposefulness -> specific effect on hearer
Multiplicity of meanings
LOCUTIONARY ACT
Act of simply saying something