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SOURCES AND THEORIES OF INTERPRETATION (EVIDENTIARY SOURCES OF MEANING…

- - - - AMBIGUITY
      - ABSURDITY
      - SCRIVENER'S ERROR
      - CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE DOCTRINE
    - - THE PLAIN MEANING RULE
      - Technical Meaning Rule
    - - General Rule
      - The Doctrine of Last Antecedent
      - Gender
      - Mandatory and Discretionary
    - - In Pari Materia
        
        Whole Act
        
        Whole Code
      - The Presumption of Consistent Usage and Meaningful Variation
      - Noscitur Sociis
      - Ejusdem Generis
      - The Rule against Surplusage (or Redundancy)
      - Expressio Unius Est Exlusio Alterius
    - - Headings
      - Titles
      - Preambles, Purpose Clauses, and Legislative Findings
      - The Purview: The Substantive Provisions
        
        Definitions
        
        Operating and Enforcement Provisions
  - - - Conflicting Statues
        
        Specific Statutes
        
        Later Enacted Statutes
        
        Repealed by Implication is Disfavored
        
        Federal Preemption
    - - Context
      - Legislative History
        
        The Legislative History Hierarchy
        
        Using Legislative History
        
        Criticizing Your Opponent's Use of Legislative History
        
        Understanding the Supreme Court's Use of Legislative History
        
        The Criticism of Using Legislative History
        
        Congressional Silence
    - - Finding and Using Purpose
        
        Finding Purpose from Text
        
        Finding Purpose from Legislative History
        
        Using Purpose
    - - Using What Occurred After Enactment
        
        Subsequent Legislative Inaction
        
        Super Strong Stare Decisis
        
        Legislative Acquiescence
        
        Subsequent Legislative Action
        
        Subsequent Acts
        
        Subsequent Legislative History
  - - - Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine
      - Rule of Lenity and Penal Statutes
      - Retroactive Civil Statutes
      - Clear Statement Rules and Federalism