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Exam 8 Cheat Sheet (pyramidal motor pathway (contributing areas (premotor,…

- - - - form ventral corticospinal tract
    - - form lateral corticospinal tract in lateral funiculus
- - - - where hemispheres project
    - - where paravermis project
    - - where vermis projects
  - - - nodulus
      - flocculus
      - damage
        
        dizziness
        
        inability to maintain direction of gaze
    - - vermis (midline)
      - paravermis (surrounds midline)
      - damage
        
        dysmetria
        
        intention tremors
        
        wide-based stance
    - - damage
        
        highly skilled learned movements impaired
  - - - 20x larger than optic tract
      - data highway
    - - spinal cord
      - cerebral cortex
        
        cingulate (limbic)
        
        parietal (visual, sensory)
        
        frontal (motor)
      - inferior olivary cortex
      - reticular formation
      - superior colliculus
      - PONS
      - vestibular labyrinth and nuclei
      - red nucleus
  - - - climbing fibers
        
        originate outside cerebelum
        
        collaterals to deep cerebellar nuclei
        
        interact with Purkinje cells
      - granule cells
        
        synapse with Purkinje cells
        
        produce dense parallel fibers
      - mossy fibers
        
        originate outside cerebellum
        
        collaterals go deep
        
        input to granular cells
      - parallel fibers
    - - molecular
      - purkinje
      - granular
    - - stellate
      - golgi
      - basket
- - - - each has an ampula
        
        cupula
        
        hair cells
        
        increase firing when stereocilia bend toward kinocilium
        
        decrease firing when stereocilia bend away from kinocilium
        
        tonically active
        
        send stereocilia into cupula
        
        stereocilia
        
        produce...
        
        balanced output
        
        different outputs
        
        located in semilunar canals
      - horizontal (L and R)
      - anterior (L and R)
      - posterior(L and R)
      - sense head rotation in any plane
    - - saccule
      - utricle
      - gelatinous matrix
      - otholiths
      - drops of fluid instead of canals
      - integrate gravitational info
      - otholith mass in contact with hair cells
  - - - spinal cord
      - cerebral cortex
      - vision cranial nerves
      - cerebellum
    - - caudal cerebellar peduncle
      - flocconodular lobe
      - vestibular nucleus
      - VPM thalamus
      - eventually to cerebral cortex
    - - vestibulospinal tract
      - visual system
        
        abducens nucelus
        
        trochlear nucleus
        
        oculomotor nucleus
  - - - VPM nucleus > sensory cortex
    - - visual systems reflexes
      - abducens nucleus (CN 6)
      - oculomotor nucleus (CN3)
      - trochler nucelus (CN 4)
- - - - pontine reticulospinal tract
      - medullary reticulospinal tract
- - - - own regulatory circuit
      - two parts
        
        internal
        
        inhibits thalamus input
        
        external
      - input from striatum
- - - - eye points down and out
      - pupil dilation in damaged eye
        
        no PLR
        
        no consensual light reflex
        
        parasympathetic damage
      - oculomotor n. damage
      - when only 1 eye is affected
    - - medial rectus m.
      - CN III oculomotor n
  - - - lateral rectus
      - CN VI abducen n
  - - - lateral rectus muscle
      - CN VI abducen n
- - - - circadian rhythyms
      - 24 hr cycle internal clock
      - not affected by light or dark
      - can change gene expression on hourly basis
    - - oxytocin production
      - induction of partuition
    - - ADH/vasopressin production
      - kidney function
  - - - energy balance
      - fluid balance
      - temperature
    - - controls hormone release by pituitary glands
    - - direct projections to preganglionic autonomic neurons
      - integrates autonomic functions
    - - limbic system interaction
  - - - ganglion cells send info through optic n. to suprachiasmic nucelus
    - - amygdala
      - piriform lobe
      - behavior regulation
    - - autonomic visceral from the vagus
      - somatosensory information
      - ex. gastric distention
    - - intrinsic receptors
      - monitoring
        
        temperature
        
        ionic balance
        
        hormone concentrations
        
        glucose levels
  - - - hypothalamic pituitary pathway
        
        indirect
        
        neurons secrete hormones into portal plexus
        
        hormones carried from portal to adenohypophysis
        
        secretion of pituitary hormones
        
        direct
        
        axons to neurohypophysis
        
        neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) releases ADH, oxytocin
- - - - low threshold
      - night vision
      - concentration increases away from fovea
      - low acuity
      - adapt late
      - no color vision
      - light sensitive portion consist of layers of membranes dense with photoreceptors
      - sensitive to green
    - - high threshold
      - sensitivie to high intensity light
      - in fovea
      - high acuity
      - adapt early
      - color vision
      - sensitive to amber
    - - ganglion cells
        
        final intgrators of retinal output signals
        
        receive 1- 100 rod + cone signals
      - horizontal cells
        
        reverse the polarity of outer bipolar cells
        
        surrounded by receptive field
        
        large
      - bipolar cells
        
        metabotropic vs. ionotropic glutamate
        
        excitatory or inhibitory
        
        directed by receptive fields
    - - create indirect pathways that alter center/srrounding organization
      - special pattern recognition
      - movement
- - - - vision
    - - hearing
- - - - dampen amplitude
        
        self-produced sound
        
        CN V
        
        tensor tympani
    - - dampen amplitude
        
        stampedius
        
        loud external sounds
        
        low frequencies
        
        via CN VII
    - - receives sound
      - transmits sound through aqueous medium
    - - between middle and inner ear
  - - - vestibular membrane
      - Organ of Corti
        
        tectorial membrane
        
        hair cells
        
        inner hair cells
        
        most of the fibers in the auditory n.
        
        outer
        
        multiple roles
        
        mediate active hearing
        
        neural input from superior olivary complex
        
        can be modulated by the brain to enhance hearing, signal:noise, frequencies, etc.
        
        kinocilia absent
        
        structurally similar to vestibular hair cells
        
        on basilar membrane
        
        contains 2 rows of sensory hair cells
        
        modulates sound signal before it leaves ear
      - spiral ganglion
      - membraneous labyrinth
        
        filled with endolymph
        
        scala tympani
        
        semicicular canals (3)
        
        utricle
        
        saccule
      - scala vestibulae (bony passage)
      - bony labyrinth filled with perilymph
      - internal meatus fill with endolymph
      - CN V: facial
      - afferent fibers of the cochlear n.
      - cochlear duct (scala media)
- - - - ventrolateral strabismus
      - dilated pupil*
  - - - severe head trauma
      - trauma to the retinas
      - check consciousness
      - bilateral mydriasis
    - - parasymapthetic dysfunction
      - ventrolateral strabismus
- - - - eye movements
      - head position
      - balance issues
  - - - positional
      - vertical
    - - cochlea
      - hair cells
      - coclear n.
    - - tympanic membrane
      - ear drum
      - ossicles