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Atherosclerosis and risk revision (CVD risk factors (high blood pressure…
Atherosclerosis and risk revision
Atherosclerosis
definition: the hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to a build up of fatty deposits. This normally occurs in arteries and at junctions
a positive feedback system
Multifactorial
1) damage to the endothelium
2) Build up of LDLs
3) inflammatory response (wbcs engulf LDLs)
4) atheroma forms (soft)
5) hardening of the atheroma (due to calcium deposits)
6)Plaque forms and narrows the lumen causing high pressure behind the plaque
Water
adhesion and cohesion = transpiration in plants
specific heat capacity of water = allows homeostasis to occur so enzymes don't denature
hydrogen bonds found in water molecules = transpiration (in plants)
density of water = organisms can survive underneath frozen lakes
dipolar nature of water = allows water to dissolve polar molecules and ions, mass flow, universal solvent
latent heat of vaporisation = allows sweating
extra information
correlation = link between dependent and independent variable
waist to hip ratio = waist / hips (ideal ratio for men = 0.9 and 0.7 for females)
causation = one variable directly responsible for the change in another
BMI = body mass index (mass (in kg) / height^2 (m^2))
blood clotting
1) Damage to the endothelium, causing collagen to be exposed
2) Platelets circulating in the blood come into contact with the exposed collagen. This causes the platelets to change shape from a disc shape into a spherical shape with filaments.
3) The filaments have sticky ends and release thromoplastin.
4) The thromoplastin reacts with the prothrombin in the blood to change into thrombin.
5) Fibrogen changes into fibrin after being catalysed by thrombin.
6) The fibrin is a mesh like substance which causes white and red blood cells to get caught in it
Causes and treatment of CVD
Anti-hypertensives = interacts with heart and treats hypertension (side effects: heart palpitations)
anti-coagulants = prevent/reduce coagulation of the blood (side effects: severe bleeding/headaches)
statins = lower levels of LDLs by interacting with the liver (side effect: increased risk of diabetes)
platelets inhibitory drug =
CVD risk factors
high blood pressure (hypertension) = damages to the endothelium
stress= causes hypertension
smoking = damage to the endothelium due to toxins
type 2 diabetes = firms the endothelium
saturated fats = LDLs produced by the liver
salt = increase in pressure due to high solute levels in the blood
gender = oestrogen levels decrease leading to less elastic walls