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The Nervous System (Diseases Associated with the Brain (Parkinsonś Disease…

- - - - Arachnoid Mater
        
        forms a loose brain covering, never dipping in2 sulci at cerebral surface..... fine & elastic
        
        subdural space has a film of fluid
        
        subarachnoid space is beneath arachnoid membrane & if filled w CSF 7 has the largest blood vessels serving the brain
        
        separated from dura mater by........
      - Pia Mater
        
        is composed of delicate connective tissue & has many tiny blood vessels
        
        only menix that clings tightly to brain, following every movement
      - Dura Mater
        
        outermost & toughest; 2 layered sheet of fibrous connective tissue
        
        deeper meningeal layer forms external covering of the brain
        
        superficial periosteal layer attaches to inner surface of skull (periosteum)
- - - - dopamine-releasing neurons are destroyed & then dopamine-deprived basl nuclei becomes overactive
  - - - mutant huntingtin protein accumulates in brain cells
        
        leading to massive degeneration of basal nuclei & later of cerebral cortex.
        
        tissue dies
  - - - Another hallmark is presence of neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons.
      - 1 form of is caused by inherited mutation in gene for APP, which suggests that too much beta-amyloid may be toxic.
- - - - classified chemically & functionally
        
        .
        
        function
        
        actions: direct vs indirect
        
        effects: excitatory vs inhibitory
        
        chemically; grouped on chemical structure
        
        Amino Acids
        
        Peptides
        
        Biogenic Amines
        
        Purines
        
        ACH
        
        Gases & lipids
      - coexistence of more than one neurotransmitter in single neuron makes it possible for that cell to exert several different influences.
      - different neurotransmitters r released at different stimulation frequencies.
- - - - Autonomic reflexes: active visceral effectors (smooth or cardiac muscle glands)
      - Somatic reflexes: active skeletal muscles