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Nervous System (Cranial nerves (Olfactory Nerve: Sense of smell, Optic…
Nervous System
Cranial nerves
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Trigeminal Nerve: This is the largest cranial nerve and is divided into three branches consisting of the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves. Functions controlled include facial sensation and chewing.
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Swallowing, sense of taste, and saliva secretion
Vagus Nerve: Smooth muscle sensory and motor control in throat, lungs, heart, and digestive system
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Hypoglossal Nerve: Movement of tongue, swallowing, and speech
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Neurotransmitters
acetylcholine- a neurotransmitter used by neurons in the PNS and CNS in the control of functions ranging from muscle contraction and heart rate to digestion and memory.
norepinephrine- also called noradrenaline, substance that is released predominantly from the ends of sympathetic nerve fibres and that acts to increase the force of skeletal muscle contraction and the rate and force of contraction of the heart
serotonin- a chemical nerve cells produce. It sends signals between your nerve cells. Serotonin is found mostly in the digestive system, although it's also in blood platelets and throughout the central nervous system. Serotonin is made from the essential amino acid tryptophan.
dopamine- an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. It functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter, and plays several important roles in the brain and body
glutamate- the anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter: a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells. It is by a wide margin the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system
endorphin- any of a group of hormones secreted within the brain and nervous system and having a number of physiological functions. They are peptides which activate the body's opiate receptors, causing an analgesic effect.
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Spaces & ventricles
The ventricles of the brain are a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and located within the brain parenchyma. ... The choroid plexuses are located in the ventricles produce CSF, which fills the ventricles and subarachnoid space, following a cycle of constant production and reabsorption
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layers of the meninges
There are three layers of meninges, known as the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.
The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges and is directly adherent to the surface of the brain and spinal cord itself
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Action potential
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell
Spinal nerves
is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In the human body there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on each side of the vertebral column.
Coverings
Meninges are membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. There are three layers of meninges: Dura mater , Arachnoid loosely around the brain, Pia mater is closely attached to the brain and spinal cord surface
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reflex arc
a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain
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Marijuana
known as cannabis, a depressant, it impairs cognitive think
Stimulants
known as cocaine, dissociative drugs, and MDMA. They distort perceptions, cause feelings of euphoria, but at high lvls they can cause seizures.
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Hallucinogens
known as inhalants, GHB, & Rohypnol, illegal, and can cause the lost of memory, major lost of body coordination