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Chapter 5; Identity: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality (How does…

- - - - Race is part of our identity that refers to the product of viewing genetic differences.
        
        Even before the age of exploration of colonization, wealthy Europeans defined themselves as superior to people living elsewhere and that is attached to the idea of racism.
        
        What society is called race is a is a combination of physical attributes including hair, eye shape, skin tone, and facial features.
        
        There is no biological basis for dividing human species into four or five groups based on skin color.
    - - We don’t choose what race we belong to but we are often assigned.
        
        The U.S. historically has been focused on dividing the country into white and non-white.
        
        America is becoming less white and the definition of race is changing.
        
        Hispanic is now categorized as an ethnicity and not a race.
        
        People who speak spanish are now also recognized as Hispanic.
    - - Racism has affected the distribution of African Americans, and laws passed after the civil rights movement have made it illegal to legislate residential segregation.
        
        Many U.S. states remain strongly segregated.
        
        Residential segregation is where two or more groups live separately from each other in different parts of the urban environment.
        
        Five measurements of segregation: evenness, exposure, concentrated, centralized, clustered.
        
        Overall residential segregation by race/ethnicity is declining
        
        In segregated neighborhoods people know where different races/ethnicities live and some choose to live with their own race.
    - - We have different identities at different scales.
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      - The appropriate identity to reveal ourselves as depends on the scale
    - - NYC has the most diverse immigrants than any other city.
        
        Succession is when new immigrants move to low-income areas that are being abandoned by older immigrant groups.
        
        NYC’s cultural landscape reflects its diversity.
- - - - The border between Mexico and the U.S. is seen as a cultural meeting point.
      - In the heart of Mexicali the Chinese began arriving in 1902 and now has been the center of Chinese life in Mexico for ages.
      - The Chinese of Mexicali were prominent players in the social and economic life of the city during the twentieth century.
      - Today Chinese has dispersed from the edges of the city because they can now afford to move out of the town.
  - - - Geographers ask where people with shared identity live and gather, what they do to create a space for themselves.
      - Queer Theory is is employed in many geographers who study sexualities studies.
      - In 2000 the U.S. counted the number of same sex households and same sex marrigages.
- - - - Statistics reflect the power relationships involved in defining what’s valued and what isn’t.
      - Throughout the world, the work of women are often undervalued and under counted.
      - Scholars estimate that if women’s productivity in the household alone were given a dollar value to perform tasks, the GNI of all combined countries would grow by ⅓
      - Women in the labor force is rising while men are dropping
      - Women still continue to get paid less than men and have less access to food and education.
      - Many women often engage in informal economic activity
  - - - Power relations can have a fundamental impact on which populations or areas are particularly vulnerable to disease, death, injury, or famine.
      - Through Fieldwork and interviews geographers can see differences of vulnerability within groups of people.
      - People with higher incomes and who established social networks of support had lower disease rates.
      - In North America and Europe HIV/AIDS is much more prevalent in homosexuals but in Africa it is more prevalent in women.
      - Fieldwork helps geographers apply vulnerability theory to understand the susceptibility of People to disease.
  - - - Migration flows, birth rates, and child mortality rates affect the gender composition of cities, states, and regions.
      - Women outnumber men in rural areas, make 70 percent of the regions food, but when men leave to go marry women are left to struggle for survival.
      - Traditional banks throughout Africa don’t lend money to rural women.
      - Young girls become trapped in a cycle of poverty and overwork.
      - Since the 1990s women have lobbied for greater representation in governments in Africa.
      - Rwanda is the first country in the world where women hold over 50% of legislative seats.
  - - - Thousands of girls in India are betrothed in arranged marriages that lead to dowry deaths.
      - India is moving away from dowry deaths and arranged marriages.
      - India is seeing the impact of its booming economy and growing proportion of educated women and men in well paid jobs and marriages.
      - Many pregnant Indian women go through gender-determining tests in order to abort the baby if it is a girl.
      - In India love marriages and divorces continue to rise.
  - - - In many places more than one ethnic group lives in a place and creates a unique cultural landscape.
      - When the economy is booming residents are more accepting towards each other.
      - The Chinese were segregated until WWII
      - The Japanese population was blamed and attacked for WWII
  - - - The greatest migration flow into California over the last 5 decades has come from Latin America.
      - LA is home to one of the largest concentrations of Lationos in Southern California
      - Barrioization is used to describe a change that saw the Hispanic population of a neighborhood jump from 4% in 1960 to over 90% in 2000.
- - - - Traveling through Indonesia you will spot young boys building bricks by hand.
      - They work 10 hours a day, 6 hours a week and only earn approximately 45 cents per hour.
      - A century ago the same technique was used to make bricks in the U.S., but today technology and robotics is used to make bricks instead of the sun.
      - In Bali women and children make the bricks but in the U.S. it is the men aided by machines.
      - Gender is a cultural assumption about the differences between men and women, and different cultures have different ideas about appropriate jobs for men and women.
      - In Indonesia women are hired because they are easier to exploit than men, less likely to strike, and are seen as an expendable labor pool.
      - In many poorer countries women are the financial supporters of their families, they migrate to big cities and then send money home to support their younger siblings schooling, which rarely happens in the U.S.
      - Even the U.S. some jobs requiring heavy labor are assigned to men.
      - Society creates stereotypes and boxes that people are expected to fit into.