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E219 Week 9 Attachment in Middle Childhood (Main et al. (1985) called for…

- - - - https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1446301&section=1.1
      - From the age of 4 years, a child’s attachment and behaviours show more and more awareness of and adaptation to attachment partners’ own goals.
        During this period, the focus shifts from seeking proximity to concern with whether the attachment figure is available. (in summary s1)
    - - https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1446301&section=2
      - through talking with their parents that children come to understand emotions (Nelson, 2000).
      - early attachment security constitutes a significant predictor of mixed emotion understanding at age 6 years (Steele et al., 1999).*
      - if loved by parents will assume loved by everyone!! (Bowlby, 1969,
      - Jacobsen and Hofmann (1997) found that insecure attachment representations assessed at age 7 were predictive of feelings of insecurity about the self at ages 9, 12 and 15.
      - By contrast, Bohlin et al. (2000) reported that early attachment insecurity did not predict lower social self-esteem at school age
      - centration- focusing on 1 aspect when many are relevant
      - metacognition’- think about thinking
      - through parent-guided conversations children not only learn to recall past events in detail but also gain skills in how to structure their memories into organised narratives and to incorporate emotional, evaluative information that conveys why a particular event is personally significant (Nelson and Fivush, 2000).
      - start understanding mixed emotions by age 4/5
    - - https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1446301&section=3
      - The importance of identifying children who are ‘at risk’ of developing later psychopathology has been recognised and become the impetus for a large body of work. Some, specifically longitudinal, studies have attempted to predict later difficulties from early attachment (Lewis et al., 1984). Others have measured attachment and psychopathology concurrently (Solomon et al., 1995). Studies also differ in terms of the target population, that is, some report on typically developing children whereas others focus on clinical cohorts (Moss et al., 2004; Speltz et al., 1990).
      - children in high social-risk environments who showed early attachment insecurity were more prone to symptoms of aggression, depression and general maladjustment than secure children (Minnesota Parent–Child Project (Sroufe et al., 2005), which followed a sample from infancy into adulthood, assessing attachment and psychopathology along with other key factors at various time points in their development.)
        
        especially boys!
        
        externalising behaviour problems
      - externalising & internalising behaviour if insecure - but no gender differences (Shmueli-Goetz et al. (2008)
      - Attempts to move beyond the secure–insecure dichotomy and map more closely the relationship between specific attachment patterns and particular problems have produced divergent results (see for example, Lewis et al., 1984; Greenberg et al., 1991; DeKlyen, 1996) with some studies finding higher risk status associated with the controlling classification (Speltz, 1990; Greenberg, 1991), and others finding no evidence of higher risk for the controlling group (Cicchetti and Barnett, 1991; Goldwyn, 2000).
        
        chicken/ egg - disorders= attachment or attachment=disorder!?
- - - - Moss et al. - I good predictor of SA- Grossman et al., 2002 and Aviezer et al., 2002.
      - yet ... Bohlin et al (2000) assessed attachment in infancy (using the SST) and in middle childhood (using the SAT), and failed to find any consistency of note,