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Brit Studies Literary History (Literary Epochs (VICTORIAN PERIOD(1837…
Brit Studies Literary History
Literary Epochs
Old English Period(450)
Middle English Period (1066)
Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)
Ended with first Tudor‘s(Henry VII) coronation
House of York(White Rose) VS. House of Lancaster(Red Rose)
English Renaissance
(1485- 1660)
Emergence through intellectual orientation to
Humanism
Stuarts reign (1603-1714)
CONFLICT BETWEEN CROWN AND PARLIAMENT
Commonwealth(Puritan) Period (1649-1660)
Puritans
temporarily NO MONARCHY and NO House of Lords
CHARLES I EXECUTED
PARLIAMENTARY VICTORY OVER SCOTS
Catastrophies
Plague kills 75 000
(1665)
Great fire destroys 65% of London
CIVIL WAR
literature
Bible-Oriented
HOBBES LEVIATHAN
BUNYAN THE PILGRIMS PROCESS
MILTON PARADISE LOST
(1667)(
Puritan epic poem
)(Qualitative Hedonism)
17th Century Europe
COMPETITION FOR TRADE and POLITICAL CONFLICTS
Richard Lovelace
(1618-1658)
To Althea from prison
About
LOVE AND FREEDOM
Tudor Period
(1485-1558)(like the watch)
First Colonies?
Tudor Dynasty
originates in
Wales
Ends with
death of Elizabeth I (1603)
Tudor
London
Population
1530: 50 000
1605: 225 000
Tudor England Population:
4.5 million
Act of Supremacy(1534)
Henry VIII breaks with Roman Catholic Church
Expropriation of church property(1539)
Conquest of Ireland -> Colony
Parliament INVOLVED in legislature
but did not determine it
Protestant Reformation
Henry VIII divorce
Elizabethan Age(1558-1603)
Elizabeth I reign(1558-1603)
National pride
Political stability
Imp. And colonial policy
beginning of Colonisation(Virginia,1584), first successful is Jamestown 1607)
Flourishing of the arts
Body natural + body politic
Extraordinary cult of love(Heavenly Virgin)
Spenser’s the
Faerie Queene
(1590-96)
Sir Francis Drake(1545-1596)
Sir Walter Raleigh(1552-1618)
Invasion of
Spanish Armada(1588)
Circumnavigation (1577-1580)
(whole globe)
Sir Francis Bacon(1561-1626)
experience source of all knowledge, experiment = absolute authority
Economic growth
1600
Transformation of English into powerful expressive medium(Shakespeare etc.)
printing
by
Caxton
new words from latin/science
King James Bible(1611)
Country folk to towns
Shakespeare transformed language in a way that
fused courtly culture with popular culture
Nobility lost privileges but were offered participation in magnificent court life
THEATRE
innovators of drama
Spanish Tragedy
Tamburlaine the Great, Dr Faustus, The Jew of Malta
Elizabethan love Comedy
Comedy of Manners
HISTORY PLAYS
HOLINSHED'S CHRONICLES OF ENGLAND
Without Loyalty of Subjects no Government
1 more item...
TRAGEDIES
Based on
GREEK TRAGEDY
Shakespeare
1 more item...
COMEDIES
witty dialogues,SATIRE
elements of folk tradition
2 more items...
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CURRENT STATE THROUGH MASK OF LAUGHTER
works
1 more item...
WHEEL OF FORTUNE
symbolises
FATE
goddess fortuna
Jacobean Age(1603-1625)
Caroline Age (1625-1649)
Da Vinci and Michelangelo
in between ME Period and Renaissance
Renaissance literature
= product of rhetorical culture, complex verbal signals,
Marlowe's blank verse(1590)
Thomas Wyatt
Introduction to sonnet
Sonnet mastered byWILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
(1564-1616)
Summers Day = SONNET 18
John Donne(1571-1631)
Holy Poem
...imprison me, except you ravish me...
declaration of faith for god
METAPHYSICAL POETS
(17th Century)
specific qualities of expression
Grierson
peculiar blend of passion and thought, feeling and ratiocination
John Donne
, Herbert,Crashaw, etc.
CONCEIT
extended metaphor with a logic that governs an entire poem
sophisticated understanding of an object
HUMANISM
theology
no longer mother of all science
revival of
classical values in philosophy and the arts
HUMANISTS
Thomas Moore
(1478-1535) Lord Chancellor
UTOPIA(1516)
fictitious travel report
Neoclassical Period(1660-1785)
RESTORATION
(1660-1700)
Parliament re-instated
(1658)
MONARCHY RESTORED
(1660)
CHARLES II
(1660-85)
James II
(1685-89)
again
CONFLICT WITH PARLIAMENT
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
(1688)**
James abdicates
WILLIAM III OF ORANGE
BILL OF RIGHTS
(1689)
guarantee of important civil liberties(still discriminating against Catholics)
flourishing of sciences
Literature
& Theatre
open-minded
satirical
frivolous
refinement of
theatres
new audience
RURAL AND POOR URBAN CHARACTERS AS STAGE CHARACTERS
Augustan Age(1702-1745)
Queen Anne
classical works
LAW OF NATURE
artist = craftsman
House of Commons
Wealthy merchants->
Policy of Corruption and self interest
MAJORITY HAD NO VOTE
Tories and Whigs
EAST INDIA COMPANY
Slave Trade
Role of women
by law the property of their husbands, no public and political life
literature, magazines etc
.
The Taler
(1709)
The Spectator
(1711)(Addison,Steele)
DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
(1755)
S.Johnson
Gulliver's Travels
(1726)(J.Swift)
interest in foreign countries
satirical and political fable
ROBINSON CRUSOE
(1709)
by
DEFOE
Crusoe
typical representative of English middle class
mirrors Englands status as imperial and colonial power
Alexander POPE
(1688-1744)
master of heroic couplet
(
An essay on Man
)
"Plac'd on this isthmus of a middle state"*
"The glory, jest, and riddle of the World!"
reason and understanding
objective, anti transcendental
(VS. supernatural/spiritual)
Age of Sensibility(1745-1785)
Tom Jones
by Henry Fielding
false appearances can subvert principles of society
Steam Engine
(
J.Watt
)(
1760
)
Spinning Jenny
(1764)
confiscation of common green
poor migrate to cities
PROLETARIAT
ROMANTIC PERIOD(1798-1832)
LYRICAL BALLADS
(1798)
by
WORDSWORTH and COLERIDGE
Coleridge
Kubla Khan, Rime of Ancient Mariner
Wordsworth
The Daffodils
dealing with his homosexuality
COMPOSED UPON WESTMINSTER BRIDGE(1802)
poem about London in a positive mood
spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings
ordinary life
recollection in tranquility
simplicity of language
Late Romantics
KEATS
(1795-1821)
KEY TERMS
empathy
negative capability
poems
TO AUTUMN
ODE ON A GRECIAN URN
SHELLEY
(1792-1822)
political radical
MASQUE OF ANARCHY
Ode to the West Wind
Enlightenment/Change of Society
BYRON
(1788-1824)
political radical
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
(1812)
Don Juan
(1819-24)
JANE AUSTEN
PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
(1813)
SENSE AND SENSIBILITY
(1811)
VICTORIAN PERIOD(1837-1901)
(victorian= repressive, authoritarian culture of middle classes)
THACKERAY
VANITY FAIR
(1847-8)
THE BRONTE SISTERS:
(3)
image of heroines
sensitive, independent,passionate
determine own fates
JANE EYRE
(1847,Charlotte)
WUTHERING HEIGHTS
(1848,Emily)
CHARLES DICKENS
novel of SOCIAL CRITICISM
ambiguous attitude towards poor
if oppressed-> defended
if organised(Trade Unions)-> Conspirators
works(
lower middle class
)
OLIVER TWIST
(1837-8)
DAVID COPPERFIELD
(1849-50)
SHARP SOCIAL CONTRAST
pride in wealth, industrial and colonial power
middle class Englishman = the civilised man
contempt/hubris towards colonised people
Macauley
History of England
education for colonial people->
servants
MATTHEW ARNOLD
PRO IMPROVEMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
MILL
philosopher
CARLYLE
anti-materialist
medieval world as counterpart
RUSKIN
art critic
ART
DIDACTIC PURPOSE
<->
WALTER PATER
Pre-Raphaelites and Art for Art's Sake
Movement towards End of Victorianism
ROSSETTI
MILLAIS
MEDIEVAL IDEAL
,rejection of classical art
spiritual/anti materialistic
ART FOR ARTS SAKE
art =
FREE,intrinsic
didactic,moral,utilitarian
OSCAR WILDE
"ALL ART IS QUITE USELESS"
ALFRED TENNYSON
The Lady of Shalott
poem about island of Shalott
grey castle and ambience but magic sights
about LANCELOT the knight
THE LADY died
FIN DE SIECLE
agricultural crisis, crisis of faith
resistance of colonised peoples
NOVELS
THE WAY OF ALL FLESH
(
BUTLER
)
DRAMA
THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST(WILDE)
Edwardian Period(1901-1914)
Modernism(1914-1945)
WWI
(1914-18)
SIEGFRIED SASSOON
(1886)
THEY
"The ways of god are strange
about TRAUMA of soldiers
750 000 British soldiers killed
unemployment(loss of markets for export)
ANGLO-IRISH War
(1919-20)
FREE IRISH STATE
(1921)
Labour Party
(1924)
political turmoil VS shock caused in sciences
EINSTEIN,FREUD,DARWIN
SHOCK ANTICIPATED IN THE ARTS
EXPRESSIONISM
SURREALISM
DADAISM
Rejection of Logic and convention as patterns of art
MODERNISM
VS parallel continuation of traditional styles but reflection of new status
THE TIME MACHINE
(1895)
by
WELLS
PASSAGE TO INDIA
(1924)
non-imperial view of the British in India
IMPORTANT impulses from IRISH writers
YEATS,SYNGE,JOYCE,BECKETT,O'CASEY
between WWI and WWII
ELIOT
THE WASTE LAND
(1922)
Quest for HOLY GRAIL
without Christianity human life is barren
PRUFROCK(1915)
restless nights, no real fulfillment
IN A STATION OF THE METRO
by
Ezra Pound
IMAGISM
AGAINST sentimentality, euphuism
PRO common speech, clarity
JOYCE
DUBLINERS
(1914)
ULYSSES(1922)
STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS
FINNEGANS WAKE(1939)
VIRGINIA WOOLF
influenced by Joyce
psychological novels/interior monologue/stream of consciousness
Cultural PESSIMISM/negative Utopia
Aldous HUXLEY
BRAVE NEW WORLD
(1932)
negative utopia
HUMAN SOCIETY TOTALLY CONTROLLED BY TECHNOLOGY
WAR AND VIOLENCE ERADICATED
happiness = drugs,sex and consumption
George ORWELL
ANIMAL FARM
(1945)
totalitarian control over impoverished and crushed people
NON-MODERNIST
Post-Modernism(1945-...)
AFTER WWII
SAMUEL BECKETT
THE ABSURD as the REAL
Nobel Prize 1969!!
EXISTENTIALISM
WAITING FOR GODOT
(1953) (play)
MURPHY
(1938) and
WATT
(1944)
novels
WWI THREAT TO EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION
WWII THREAT TO ALL LIFE ON EARTH
Britains Position as world power declined
huge debts to US
LOSS of INDIA as COLONY
END of
EMPIRE
WELFARE STATE
introduced by Labour
work offered to inhabitants of former Colonies
Osborne
*Look back in ANGER
(1956)**
Pinter
THE CARETAKER
WESKER
CHICKEN SOUP TRILOGY:socialist influence
BOND
LEAR
one totalitarian system replaced by another
BLEND OF VARIOUS STYLES
INDUSTRIALISATION
(1760-1830)
international political tumult
INDEPENDENCE OF AMERICAN COLONIES
(1783)
French Revolution
(1789)
Upheaval in Ireland(Wolfe tone)
(1798)
French blockade of Britain during
Napoleonic Wars
(1790-1815)
LITERATURE
(
PRE-Romanticism)
international political
Thomas PAINE
RIGHTS OF MAN
(1791)
defence of achievements of French Revolution
basic human rights usurped by tyrannical rulers and clergy
THE AGE OF REASON
(1793)
anti-Catholic, pro-deist
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
Vindication of the RIGHTS OF WOMEN
(1792)
education/equality
WILLIAM BLAKE
Pre-Romantic
painter, poet,rebel
London
fear, cries,tyrrany
ANNE RADCLIFFE
THE MYSTERIES OF UDOLPHO
(1794)
MARY SHELLEY
FRANKENSTEIN
GOTHIC
reaction to 18th century rationalism, instead mystery and extreme emotions
ESSENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS
ELECTORAL REFORM
(1832)
220 000 -> 670 000 voters
14 million in population
WHIG PARTY
voted into power
Poor Laws
(1834)
help available
only to those who entered work houses
DARWIN
ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION
(1859)
Population
Of Tudor London
50.000 (1530)
225.000(1605)
4.5 million(England overall)
Of Stuarts(1603-1714)
75.000 Plague kills (1665)
Great fire (1666) destroys 65% of london
Language
Powerful expressive medium(1600)
Shakespeare,Marlowe...
Strengthening of English state
Literature
Product of rhetorical culture
Complex verbal signals
Marlowes mastery of unrhymed iambic pentameter (blank verse)
Movements
Protestant Reformation
Authority of scripture and salvation by gods grace and by faith alone
Result of Henry VIII divorce with wife
Humanism
Supreme belief in importance of human beings and values
Humanists(slides)
Thomas Moore(1478-1535)
Lord Chancellor( executed for treason)(Henry VIII)
Harsh critique (Slides)
Sir Francis Bacon(1561-1626)
Experience source of all knowledge
Thoughts about optimizing Information links and mindmaps/ University presentations
Astrology(puritans...)
Youtube Videos
Beliefs
Agnosticism
Neutral view on the question of god’s existence
Atheism
Natural morality
“Man is wolf to men”
Cultivation of disinterested affection for others will result in virtue and true social morality
Poetry
Thomas Wyatt/Earl of Surrey: introduction is sonnet
Shakespeare
Sonnet 18
The metaphysical poets(17th cent.)
Specific qualities of expression
Blend of passion and thought, feeling and ratiocination as their greatest achievement