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Type of Language Change (Grammar Change (The English language used to be…
Type of Language Change
Lexical Change:
1) archaisms = words that have died out
2) dated = in the process of dying out
3) neologisms = new words
Formation of neologisms =
- blending = two parts of an existing words -'spork'
- compounding = made up of two words- 'upload'
- coining = new invention of word -'Haagen Dasz'
4.clipping = formed from parts of an existing word - 'phone'
- Initialism and acronyms = made up of letters -'HIV' and 'AIDS'
- Borrowing = foreign langs -'latte'
- Affixation = add a prefix of suffix - 'superman'
- Eponyms = names of inventions become generic -'hoover'
Semantic Change
semantic shift = meaning shifts from one word to another - 'gay'
amelioration = the meaning becomes more pleasant - 'naughty' pejoration = meaning becomes more unpleasant - 'notorious'
Narrowing = meaning is more restricted - 'meat'
broadening = meaning is now less specific- 'twitter'
Prepositional drift = prepositions are frequently changing their meaning- 'game at chess' instead of 'game of chess'
Syntax Change
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- Displacement = when the placement is unusual - ' i saw the leaders GREAT AND GOOD'
- Displacement and Negators = is older texts the negator comes after the verb - 'she likes it NOT'
- Inversion = when two words are swapped over -' said he'
- Median adverbial in contemporary English adverbials are rarely found in the middle. 'i FOR YOU shall...'
Early prescriptivists would be likely to follow the two solecisms in the English (we no longer follow these rules)
1 = Split Infinitives : this rule said no word should be put in between the infinitive and verb.
2 = prepositions should not be put at the end of a clause
Grammar Change
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F.E= the archaic 2nd person singular present tense inflection 'est' and the archaic 3rd person singular present tense inflection 'eth'
In older texts they use the verb 'to be' (and its other forms; am,are,is,were,was,be,being.been) F.E 'though he WERE dead, he shall live'
Some tenses were marked using the periphrastic do, so its used in an unusual place 'i do love thee'
"for" as a conjunction, it used to mean the same as because
Spelling Change
SPELLING = French spelling patterns replaced old English e.g ; Cwen became Queen. From this point spelling started to standardise but there was still many inconsistencies
Advancements in printing contributed to standardisation but some letters were still interchangeable - 'i' and 'y', 'j' and 'i' and 'v' and 'u'
standardisation of spelling may not have occurred straight away due to the lack of education. Meaning varieties still existed. The dictionary in 1755, this was a start however it took another century to take a full effect.
Orthographic
Examples of change;
- long s (in sinfulness)
- letter ash ae (aet = at)
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