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biology (cells (prokaryotes - (nucleoid -, plasma membrane -, cell wall -,…

- - - - all living things are made of cells
      - all cells come from other cells
      - cells are the smallest unit of life
      - characteristics of life
        
        nutrition
        
        metabolism
        
        response to stimuli
        
        growth
        
        reproduction
        
        homeostasis
        
        excretion
  - - - totipotent - can differentiate into all types of cells
      - pluripotent - can differentiate into almost all types of cells
      - unipotent - can only produce cells of the same kind
    - - embryos -
      - umbilical or placental blood -
      - multipotent adult tissue -
  - - - rough endoplasmic reticulum -
      - smooth endoplasmic reticulum -
      - golgi apparatus -
      - mitochondria -
      - microtubules -
      - centrioles -
      - cytoskeleton -
      - cell membrane -
        
        phospholipid -
        
        Singer-Nicholson fluid mosaic model -
        
        membrane proteins -
        
        functions -
        
        Davson-Danielli model -
        
        membrane transport -
        
        concentration -
        
        molecular movement -
        
        diffusion -
        
        simple diffusion -
        
        facilitated diffusion -
        
        osmosis -
        
        active transport -
        
        vesicle transport -
        
        endocytosis -
        
        exocytosis -
      - nucleus -
        
        nucleolus -
    - - vesicles -
      - lysosome -
    - - vacuoles -
      - chloroplast -
      - cell wall -
  - - - metaphase -
      - anaphase -
      - telophase -
      - cytokinesis -
        
        in animal cells -
        
        in plant cells -
      - prophase -
      - interphase -
      - prometaphase -
- - - - plasmid -
      - autosome -
      - sex chromosome -
      - karyogram -
      - karyotype -
      - homologous chromosomes -
      - chromosome number -
  - - - dominant -
      - recessive -
      - codominance -
      - incomplete dominance -
    - - heterozygous -
      - homozygous -
  - - - meiosis I -
        
        interphase -
        
        prophase I -
        
        metaphase I -
        
        anaphase I -
        
        telophase/cytokenisis I -
      - meiosis II -
        
        interkenisis -
        
        prophase II -
        
        metaphase II -
        
        anaphase II -
        
        telophase/cytokenisis II -
  - - - paternity testing -
      - forensic investigation -
- - - - fatty acids -
        
        saturated -
        
        mono-unsaturated -
        
        polyunsaturated -
      - triglycerides -
      - coronary artery disease -
    - - monosaccharides -
        
        glucose -
        
        fructose -
        
        galactose -
        
        deoxyribose -
        
        ribose -
      - disaccharides -
        
        sucrose -
        
        maltose -
        
        lactose -
      - polysaccharides -
        
        cellulose -
        
        starches -
        
        amylose -
        
        amylopectin -
        
        glycogen -
    - - structure
        
        primary structure - the order of the amino acids in the polypeptide
        
        secondary structure - the way the polypeptide folds into alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets
        
        tertiary structure - how the folded polypeptide rearranges based on the properties of individual amino acids
        
        quaternary structure - how multiple polypeptides combine to make the finished protein
      - denaturing -
      - proteome - all of the proteins produced by a cell, tissue, or organism
      - examples
        
        rubisco -
        
        insulin -
        
        imunnoglobin -
        
        rhodopsin -
        
        collagen -
        
        spider silk -
      - enzymes - proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
        
        substrate - a reactant
        
        product - the result of the reaction
        
        active site - the part of the enzyme that the substrate bonds to in order for a reaction to ocur
        
        immobilization -
        
        the enzyme can be separated from the products of the reaction, stopping the reaction at the desired time and preventing contamination
        
        enzymes can be reused
        
        the stability of enzymes is increased, so enzymes are less likely to denature
        
        substrates can be exposed to higher concentrations of enzymes, speeding up the reaction
    - - nucleotide - a monomer of nucleic acids, made up of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
        
        nitrogenous bases - adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine/uracil
      - DNA - has deoxyribose, two strands, and thymine
        
        replication -
        
        helicase - the enzyme that separate the two strands of DNA
        
        DNA polymerase - moves 3¹ to 5¹ and adds nucleotides to the old strand of DNA
        
        polymerase chain reaction - a laboratory technique used to replicate a sample of DNA
        
        transcription - the process by which mRNA is created
        
        RNA polymerase - the enzyme that separates the two strands of DNA and transcribes the template strand of DNA
        
        translation - the synthesis of polypeptides from mRNA
        
        codon - a group of 3 nitrogenous bases that codes for one amino acid
        
        tRNA - a strand of RNA with an anti-codon that carries an amino acid
      - RNA - has ribose, one strand, and uracil
  - - - high specific heat capacity -
      - high latent heat of vaporization -
      - high boiling point -