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Lecture 10: Qualitative research (Approaches (:silhouettes: Ethnography…
Lecture 10:
Qualitative research
Approaches
:silhouettes: Ethnography
• Ethno (people) + graphy (writing)
• Knowing the world from the
standpoint of its social relations
•
Hands-on
in a social setting to
experience
and
get closer to the truth
:newspaper: Case Studies
• Common in social science
• Based on an
in-depth investigation
on a single individual/ group/ event
• Descriptive/ Exploratory
:thinking_face:Grounded theory
• Enables you to
seek out & conceptualize the patterns & structures
of your area of interest through the
process of constant comparison
•
Initially
: use an inductive approach to generate substantive codes from your data
•
Later
: Developing theory will suggest you to go next to collect data + (more-focused) questions to ask (deductive process of the process)
:eye: Phenomenology
•
Direct investigation and description
of phenomena as consciously experienced
• :red_cross:
theories
about their causal explanation +
as free as possible
from examined preconceptions and presuppositions
:book: Narrative research
• Subsumes (include/ adsorb) a group of approaches that in turn
rely on the written/ spoken words/ visual representation
of individuals
• Typically focus on the lives of individuals as told through their own stories
Differences
between ethnography, qualitative, interviewing and focus group
Focus group
• A gathering of deliberately selected participants in a planned discussion
•
A collective on
purpose
• Unlike
interview
, which usually
occurs with an individual
,
focus groups
allow member of a
group to interact + influence each other
during the discussion
Qualitative interviewing
• Wide range of interviewing styles
(e.g. semi-structured intensive, unstructured, in-depth interview)
• Most of the time, it embraces both
semi-structured & unstructured kind
•
Structured interview: only a list of topics or issues that are covered + informal
Ethnography
•
Immersed in a social setting
for
some time
in order to observe + listen with a view to gaining an appreciation of the
culture of a social group
Establishing "
trustworthiness
" in qualitative research
Dependability (reliability)
•
Auditing approach
: Ensure records are kept of all phrases of the research process - problem formulation, selection of research participants, fieldwork notes, interview transcript, data analysis decisions in an accessible manner
• Establish how far
proper procedures are being and have been followed
Confirmability (objectivity)
• While recognizing that complete objectivity is impossible in business research, the researcher has acted in good faith
• Not overtly allowed personal values to sway the conduct of the research and findings
Transferability (external validity)
•
Thick description
: rich accounts of the details of a culture
Authenticity (impact)
• Authenticity concerning the wider political impact of a research
(Fairness, ontological authenticity, educative authenticity, catalytic authenticity, tactical authenticity)
Credibility (internal validity)
Respondent validation
:
• Ensure research is carried out
according to good practice
• Submit it to members of the social world
Triangulation
:
• Using
1≤ source of data
in the study of social phenomenon
Critiques
• Too subjective
• Difficult to replicate
• Problems of generalization
• Lack transparency
Action research
• An approach in which the action
researcher and a client collaborate
•
Diagnose a problem + develop of a solution
