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Nervous Systems Shayne Soto (Drugs and Diseases (Stimulants, Opioid,…

- - - - The sympathetic nervous system directs the body's rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations.
      - the parasympathetic system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
  - - - The sensory, or afferent, division consists of nerve fibers (axons) that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located throughout the body
      - The motor, or efferent, division of the PNS transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs, which are the muscles and glands. These impulses activate muscles to contract and glands to secrete. In other words, they effect (bring about) a motor response.
        
        The somatic nervous system is composed of somatic motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles. It is often referred to as the voluntary nervous system because it allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles
        
        The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.
- - - - Personality, behavior, emotions
        
        Judgment, planning, problem solving
        
        Speech: speaking and writing (Broca’s area)
        
        Body movement (motor strip)
        
        Intelligence, concentration, self awareness
    - - Understanding language (Wernicke’s area)
        
        Memory
        
        Hearing
        
        Sequencing and organization
    - - Interprets language, words
        
        Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip)
        
        Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory and memory
        
        Spatial and visual perception
    - - Interprets vision (color, light, movement)
    - - It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
    - - acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
    - - Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
    - - It plays a role in controlling behaviors such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual response. It also regulates body temperature, blood pressure, emotions, and secretion of hormones.
    - - serves as a relay station for almost all information that comes and goes to the cortex. It plays a role in pain sensation, attention, alertness and memory.
- - - - Olfactory Nerve: Sense of smell
      - Optic Nerve: Vision
      - Oculomotor Nerve: Eyeball and eyelid movement
      - Trochlear Nerve: Eye movement
      - Trigeminal Nerve: This is the largest cranial nerve and is divided into three branches consisting of the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves. Functions controlled include facial sensation and chewing.
      - Abducens Nerve: Eye movement
      - Facial Nerve: Facial expressions and sense of taste
      - Vestibulocochlear Nerve: Equilibrium and hearing
      - Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Swallowing, sense of taste, and saliva secretion
      - Vagus Nerve: Smooth muscle sensory and motor control in throat, lungs, heart, and digestive system
      - Accessory Nerve: Movement of neck and shoulders
      - Hypoglossal Nerve: Movement of tongue, swallowing, and speech
  - - - C1–C6 Neck flexors
      - C1–T1 Neck extensors
      - C3, C4, C5 Supply diaphragm (mostly C4)
      - C5, C6 Move shoulder, raise arm (deltoid); flex elbow (biceps)
      - C6 externally rotate (supinate) the arm
      - C6, C7 Extend elbow and wrist (triceps and wrist extensors); pronate wrist
      - C7, C8 Flex wrist; supply small muscles of the hand
      - T1–T6 Intercostals and trunk above the waist
      - T7–L1 Abdominal muscles
      - L1–L4 Flex hip joint
      - L2, L3, L4 Adduct thigh; Extend leg at the knee (quadriceps femoris)
      - L4, L5, S1 abduct thigh; Flex leg at the knee (hamstrings); Dorsiflex foot (tibialis anterior); Extend toes
      - L5, S1, S2 Extend leg at the hip (gluteus maximus); flex foot and flex toes