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Nervous System Diana Ventura Per. 2 (Drugs that affect the brain (mouse…
Nervous System Diana Ventura Per. 2
Diseases associated with the brain
Alzheimer
Cerebral palsy
Epilepsy
Motor nuerone disease
Multiple sclerosis
Nuerofibromatosis
Parkinson disease
Major functions of the
nervous system
Integrative Function- It analyzes sensory
information, stores some aspects, and makes
decisions regarding appropriate behaviors
Motor Functions- it may respond to stimuli by
initiating muscular contractions or glandular
secretions
Sensory Function- detects changes (stimuli)
within body and outside body
These muscles or glands are called effectors
Drugs that affect the brain (mouse party and drugs of
abuse)
Inhalents
Mariguana
Opioids
MDMA
Cocaine
Methaphetamine
Alcohol
Nicotine
Psychedelics
GHB & Rohypnol
Dissociative drug
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- All nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord. Functions: Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from
spinal cord. Cranial nerves carry impulses to and from cranium
Central Nervous System (CNS)- Brain
& Spinal Cord. Functions: Receive incoming sensory information. Issue instructions. Integration of information. Thoughts and emotions generated. Memories formed and stored. Most nerve impulses that influence effector organs begin in CNS.
The layers of the meninges
Three layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain
Outer = Dura Mater (tough
mother)- Tough, white dense connective
tissue, contains many blood
vessels
Middle = Arachnoid mater (looks like cobweb)- Very thin, lacks blood vessels
Inner = Pia Mater (gentle
mother)- covers every fold of
brain
Classification of neurons
Sensory/afferent neurons- transmit
impulses TO CNS (the spinal cord and
brain) FROM all parts of the body.
Motor/efferent neurons- transmit impulses away FROM CNS (the brain and spinal cord) to EFFECTORS (only 2 kinds of tissue: muscle and glandular epithelial tissues)
Autonomic motor neurons- Automatic, unconscious, involuntary control. Respond to internal environment.
Interneurons ( central or connecting neurons)- transmit impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons; multipolar neurons in CNS
Somatic motor neurons (SNS)- Conscious voluntary control part of PNS. Sense and respond to external environment.
Major part of the brain and
their functions
Cerebrum (Cerebral
Hemispheres)- Superior part of the brain composed of two cerebral hemispheres (“higher brain”)
Diencephalon- Sits on top of the brain stem & Contains 2 main parts; Thalamus: relays sensory info., recognizes good vs. bad sensation & Hypothalamus: Controls body
temp, water balance, metabolism &
endocrine function...
Brain Stem- Midbrain: reflex center for vision &
hearing. Pons: relay between cerebrum and
cerebellum, regulates breathing. Medulla oblongata: reflex center for heart rate, B.P. breathing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing &
swallowing. Reticular Formation: (network of
nerve fibers that connect gray matter) controls wake/sleep cycle
Cerebellum- The cerebellum is made up of two
hemispheres connected by the vermis. Controls equilibrium and balance (and
posture). Coordinates muscles of body to move
smoothly (voluntary movements). 10% of brain volume but over 50% of the total number of neurons in the brain. Damage causes ataxia = clumsy movements and loss of balance
Names of all the lobes and their functions
Temporal- Hearing, Speech,
Memory, Sequencing &
organization
Parietal- Size, shape, color,
pain, temperature &
speech
Frontal- Personality/emotions/intelligence, Attention/Concentration, & Logic/Problem Solving
Occipital- processes
vision (visual
cortex)
Action potential
Nerve impulse is transmitted during action
potential; only axons are capable of action
potentials
Strong enough stimulation or nerve impulse
causes Na+ gates to open => Na+ rush into cell
causing depolarization (membrane potential
goes towards 0V or unpolarized, and
momentarily becomes positively charged)
If a strong enough, depolarization occurs,
threshold potential is reached (+30mV) and
impulse is sent down axon
•K+ rush out of neuron after Na+ rush in,
which causes a repolarization of the
membrane back to resting potential
Spaces &
ventricles
Communicating network of cavaties filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Coverings
Endoneurium- surrounds
individual fibers within a nerve
Fascicle- a group of nerve fibers
(group of wrapped axons)
Perineurium- —surrounds a
group of nerve fibers (surrounds
a fascicle)
Epineurium- —surrounds the
entire nerve
Neurotransmitters
Binds with receptors on
the postsynaptic neuron’s cell membrane
At least 30 – 50 different neurotransmitters identified
Synaptic end bulbs may contain 2 or 3 different
neurotransmitters
Needs to be removed or will influence nerve indefinitely
Some degraded by enzymes
Some reuptake into cells
Compare & contrast the
autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic Nervous System- “fight or flight”. Emergency or non-normal situations
Parasympathetic Nervous System- “feed and breed”. Normal everyday situations
Most organs receive input from both divisions
Divisions of the PNS of the body (ex. Sensory, motor,
somatic, etc)
Sensory (afferent) Nerves- relay information from skin,
muscles and glands to CNS & they are affected by the environment or sense the
environment
Motor (efferent ) Nerves- carry impulses from CNS to organs,
muscles & they cause an effect or response
Anatomy of the spinal cord
Connection between the brain and brainstem to
the rest of the body
Begins at the base of the brain at the foramen
magnum (medulla oblongata) and extends as a
slender cord to the level of the intervertebral
disc between the first and second lumbar (L1
and L2) vertebrae.
Ends at Conus medularis
31 pairs of spinal nerves
The spinal cord consists of 31 segments,
each of which gives rise to a pair of spinal
nerves.
Reflex arc
Sensory/afferent neuron- sends
signal to CNS (reflex center)
Synapse/interneuron integration
center- connection between
sensory neuron and motor
(efferent) neuron
Sensory receptor- afferent
nerve ending detects stimulus
Motor/efferent neuron- delivers response to target organ
Effector- target organ responds
to signal
Major parts and
functions of the spinal cord
Function- to transmit impulses to and from the
brain
Function- to house spinal reflexes
Tissues (structure & function of a neuron)
Bipolar- one dendrite, one axon (sensory)
Unipolar- fused axon and dendrite (sensory)
Multipolar- many dendrites, one axon