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Diana Martinez Nervous System p.4 (drugs (alcohol (depressant; impairs…
Diana Martinez Nervous System p.4
major functions of NS
sensory
: involves collecting information from sensory receptors that monitor the body's internal and external conditions
integration
: processing of the many sensory signals that are passed into the CNS at any given time; takes place in the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord and is performed by interneurons
motor
: networks of interneurons in the CNS evaluate sensory information and decide on an action, they stimulate efferent neurons; Efferent neurons carry signals from the gray matter of the CNS through the nerves of the peripheral nervous system to effector cells; effector then releases a hormone or moves a part of the body to respond to the stimulus.
major divisions of NS
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord; control center; integrative
peripheral nervous system
cranial nerves and spinal nerves; communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body
somatic nervous system
voluntary nerve fibers; conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system
Visceral (involuntary) motor nerve fibers; conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles
sympathetic
“fight or flight” response to stress, danger, excitement, exercise, emotions, and embarrassment; increases respiration and heart rate, releases adrenaline and other stress hormones
parasympathetic
“rest and digest” response when the body is relaxed, resting, or feeding; works to undo the work of the sympathetic division after a stressful situation
major parts/function of brain
cerebrum
the cerebral hemispheres; includes white matter
cerebellum
brain region most involved in producing smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle activity
brainstem
collectively the midbrain, pons, and medulla of the brain
lobes & functions
frontal lobe
controls emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment
motor cortex
generate neural impulses that control body movement
sensory cortex
responsible for processing somatic sensations; sensations arise from receptors positioned throughout the body that are responsible for detecting touch, proprioception
parietal lobe
processing sensory information
occipital lobe
responsible for analyzing contents, such as shapes, colors, and movement, and also for interpreting and drawing conclusions about the images we see
temporal lobe
involved in primary auditory perception
layers of meninges
spaces and ventricles
Paired, inferiorly located heart chambers that function as the major blood pumps; cavities in the brain
lateral ventricles
contain cerebrospinal fluid, a clear, watery fluid that provides cushioning for the brain while also helping to circulate nutrients and remove waste.
third ventricle
filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which helps to protect the brain from injury and transport nutrients and waste
fourth ventricle
protect the human brain from trauma
tissues
communicate within the body by transmitting electrochemical signals
classification of neurons
afferent neurons
sensory neurons; transmit signals to CNS from receptors
efferent neurons
motor neurons; transmit signals from CNS to effectors in the body
interneurons
nerve cell located between motor and sensory neurons that shuttles signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs
major parts/functions of spinal cord
cervical
give the neck structure, support the skull, and protect the spinal cord
thoracic
hold the rib cage and protect the heart and lungs
lumbar
bear the weight of the body
sacral
connect the spine to the hip bones
action potential
generation and propagation of electrochemical signals
Resting Potential
neurons maintain a concentration of sodium ions outside of the cell and potassium ions inside of the cell; sodium potassium pump
Threshold Potential
If a stimulus permits enough positive ions to enter a region of the cell; region of the cell will open its voltage-gated sodium channels and allow sodium ions to diffuse into the cell
Depolarization
Sodium carries a positive charge that causes the cell to become depolarized; depolarization of the cell is the AP that is transmitted by the neuron as a nerve signal
Repolarization.
voltage-gated potassium ion channels open, allowing positive potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell; loss of potassium along with the pumping of sodium ions back out of the cell through the sodium-potassium pump restores the cell to resting potential; neuron is ready to start a new action potential.
drugs
alcohol
depressant; impairs coordinance,reasoning,balance and judgment
cocaine
numbing/ anasthetic effer
opioids
depressant; pinpoint pupils and rushof warmth and pleasure
inhalents
stimulant; impair coordinates, speech and judgment
marijuana
depressant; relaxed, peaceful feeling; impair thinking and memory
MDMA
stimulants; istimulants; increase in energy,feeling euphoria,involuntary jaw clenchingncre
merhamphetamine
speed up brain and nerve activity
nicotine
stimulants; calming effect
psychedelics
stimulant; hallucinations, intensify sensations and emotion,increased body temp.
GHB & rohypnol
depressant; hallucination, nausea, slowed breathing
dissiciative drug
depressant; hallucination, distortion, violent behavior
diseases associated with brain
cerebral palsy
a neuromuscular disability in which the voluntary muscles are poorly controlled or paralyzed as a result of brain damage
anencephaly
the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never developed because the neural folds fail to fuse rostrally
spina bifida
results from incomplete formation of the vertebral arches and typically involves the lumbosacral region
major nerves of body
divisions of the PNS body
somatic nervous system
voluntary motor nerve fibers
autonomic
involuntsry motor nerve fibers; conducts impulsesfrom CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth, glands
cranial nerves
the 12 nerve pairs that are associated with the brain
olfactory nerve
sense of smell
optic nerve
vision
oculomotor nerve
eyeball and eyelid movement
Trochlear Nerve
eye movement
Trigeminal Nerve
facial sensation and chewing
Abducens Nerve
eye movement
Facial Nerve
Facial expressions and sense of taste
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Equilibrium and hearing
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Swallowing, sense of taste, and saliva secretion
Vagus Nerve
motor control in throat, lungs, heart, and digestive system
Accessory Nerve
Movement of neck and shoulders
Hypoglossal Nerve
Movement of tongue, swallowing, and speech
spinal nerves
The 31 nerve pairs that arise from the spinal cord.
anatomy of spinal cord
spinal cord is made of nervous tissue which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region
coverings
meninges
protective covering of the central nervous system
dura mater
thickest superficial layer; made of dense irregular connective tissue; protects from external damage
arachnoid mater
thin and delicate; has many thin fibers; lines on the inside
pia mater
thin, delicate; lines on outside; covers whole surface of CNS
neurotransmitters
Chemical messenger released by neurons that, upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit those neurons or effector cells.