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Nervous System (Drugs that affect the brain (LSD, PCP, Ketamine, and…

- - - - Serotonin. You probably already know that serotonin plays a role in sleep and in depression, but this inhibitory chemical also plays a major role in many of your body's essential functions, including appetite, arousal, and mood. ...
        
        Drugs interfere with the way neurons send, receive, and process signals via neurotransmitters. Some drugs, such as marijuana and heroin, can activate neurons because their chemical structure mimics that of a natural neurotransmitter in the body
        
        brain diseases
        
        Types of Brain Disorders
        
        Alzheimer's Disease.
        
        Dementias.
        
        Brain Cancer.
        
        Epilepsy and Other Seizure Disorders.
        
        Mental Disorders.
        
        Parkinson's and Other Movement Disorders.
        
        Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack
        
        Long-term drug use can also lead to addiction. Drug addiction is a brain disorder. Not everyone who uses drugs will become addicted, but for some, drug use can change how certain brain circuits work.
        
        Dopamine. ...
        
        Glutamate. ...
        
        Norepinephrine.
- - - - The nervous system can be divided into two major subdivisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system . The CNS is comprised of the brain and spinal cord; the PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
      - Structural Divisions of the Nervous System. The nervous system can be divided into two major regions: the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system is everything else
      - The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts.
- - - - The brain is divided into distinctive lobes. The temporal lobe is located behind your ears and extends to both sides of the brain. The temporal lobe is involved in vision, memory, sensory input, language, emotion, and comprehension.
        
        The occipital lobe is the visual processing area of the brain. It is associated with visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation.
- - - - Glutamate is the primary excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system. Conversely, a major inhibitory transmitter is its derivative γ-aminobutyric acid, while another inhibitory neurotransmitter is the amino acid called glycine, which is mainly found in the spinal cord.
        
        Molecules of neurotransmitters are stored in small "packages" called vesicles . Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal when their vesicles "fuse" with the membrane of the axon terminal, spilling the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
- - - - Between the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and diencephalon – all four of these brain regions join forces to ensure that your body is functioning properly and allowing you to perform your daily tasks smoothly and in perfect synchrony.
        
        The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum. There are four parts of the cerebrum: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe
        
        While the frontal lobe controls movement, the cerebellum “fine-tunes” this movement. This area of the brain is responsible for fine motor movement, balance, and the brain's ability to determine limb position.
- - - - In order from the outermost to innermost layer, the meninges are: dura mater, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, and pia mater.
        
        Meninges. There are three layers of meninges around the brain and spinal cord. The outer layer, the dura mater, is tough, white fibrous connective tissue. The middle layer of meninges is arachnoid, a thin layer resembling a cobweb with numerous threadlike strands attaching it to the innermost layer.
        
        The most distal bulbous part of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris, and its tapering end continues as the filum terminale. Distal to this end of the spinal cord is a collection of nerve roots
        
        In between the skull and brain are three layers of tissue, called meninges. They protect the brain. The strong, outermost layer is named the dura mater. The middle layer, the arachnoid mater, is a thin membrane made of blood vessels and elastic tissue.
- - - - Brain ventricle: One of the communicating cavities within the brain. There are four ventricles: two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. The lateral ventricles are in the cerebral hemispheres.
        
        The Ventricles of the Brain. The ventricles are structures that produce cerebrospinal fluid, and transport it around the cranial cavity. They are lined by ependymal cells, which form a structure called the choroid plexus.
        
        Together with the fluid, the ventricles are an intricate part of a unique and much larger system that provides nutrients and other vital substances to nerve cells. This is because the brain is composed of specialized and delicate tissue found nowhere else in the body.
        
        he brain ventricles are four cavities located within the brain that contain cerebral spinal fluid . There are two lateral ventricles—one on each side of the cerebral cortex. The lateral ventricles are continuous with the third ventricle, which is lower in the brain.
- - - - is the main component of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
        
        The brain is covered by three protective layers called meninges. The space between the meninges is filled with a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid protects the brain against shocks and mechanical injuries.
        
        Nervous tissue is composed of neurons, also called nerve cells, and neuroglial cells. Four types of neuroglia found in the CNS are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. Two types of neuroglia found in the PNS are satellite cells and Schwann cells.
        
        epithelial tissue
        There are four main types of tissue: muscle, epithelial, connective and nervous. Each is made of specialized cells that are grouped together according to structure and function. Muscle is found throughout the body and even includes organs such as the heart. Our outer layer of skin is epithelial tissue.
        
        there are many deeper roles that these cells play. And research may find much more about them in the future. There are six types of glial cells
- - - - neurons are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that function to process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
        
        Neurons are specialized cells of the nervous system that transmit signals throughout the body. ... Dendrites are extensions of neurons that receive signals and conduct them toward the cell body. Axons are extensions of neurons that conduct signals away from the cell body to other cells.
        
        Neurons have three parts that carry out the functions of communication and integration: dendrites, axons, and axon terminals. They have a fourth part the cell body or soma, which carries out the basic life processes of neurons. The figure at the right shows a "typical" neuron.
- - - - Neurons are divided into four major types: unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, and pseudounipolar. Unipolar neurons have only one structure extending from the soma; bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite extending from the soma.
        
        There are three primary categories lower motor neurons, which can be further divided in sub-categories. According to their targets, motor neurons are classified into three broad categories: Somatic motor neurons. Special visceral motor neurons.
- - - - n muscle cells, for example, an action potential is the first step in the chain of events leading to contraction. ... A neuron that emits an action potential, or nerve impulse, is often said to "fire". Action potentials are generated by special types of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in a cell's plasma membrane.
        
        The action potential can be divided into five phases: the resting potential, threshold, the rising phase, the falling phase, and the recovery phase..
- - - - he peripheral nervous system is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.