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Airways and Breathing (Endotracheal Tube (Features (Cuffed (Adults,…

- - - - Adults
      - Secured tube and prevents aspiration
    - - Children
      - Avoid damaging the larynx
    - - Female: 7.5
      - Male: 8.5
    - - Allow single lung ventilation
      - Used in thoracic surgery
  - - - Smaller
      - Anterior curvature
      - Can feel tracheal rings with tip
  - - - Oropharyngeal trauma
      - Laryngeal trauma
      - C-spine injury: e.g. c¯ atlanto-axial instability
      - Oesophageal intubation
      - Bronchial intubation
    - - Sore throat
      - Tracheal stenosis
      - Difficult wean
  - - - Orotracheal or nasotracheal airway
      - Surgical: tracheostomy, cricothyroidotomy
- - - - McKintosh = Curved (preferred)
      - Miller = Straight
- - - - Haemorrhage
      - Surgical trauma: oesophagus, recurrent laryngeal N.
      - Pneumothorax
    - - Tracheal erosion
      - Tube displacement
      - Tube obstruction
      - Surgical emphysema
      - Aspiration pneumonia
    - - Tracheomalacia
      - Tracheo-oesophageal fistula
      - Tracheal stenosis
- - - - Yellow: 5%
      - White: 8%
      - Blue: 24%
      - Red: 40%
      - Green: 60%
  - - - Recruitment of collapsed lung units
      - ↓ shunt → ↑PaO2
      - ↑ lung volume → improved compliance → ↓ work of breathing.
- - - - Racoon eyes
      - Battles’ Sign: mastoid bruising
      - Haemotympanum
      - SCF rhinorroea or otorrhoea