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Course Mind Map, Chapter 8: Structure of Woody Plants (Outer Bark (bark…

- - - - Fusiform initials: elongated tapering cells that give rise to all cells of the vertical system of the secondary phloem and xylem (secondary tracheary elements, fibres, and sieve cells and the associated companion cells)
      - Ray initials: isodiametric cells—about equal in all dimensions—and they produce the vascular rays, which constitute the horizontal system of secondary tissues; this horizontal system acts in the translocation and storage of food and water
- - - - tracheids, laticifers and secretory ducts may be present in both systems #
- - - - in unequal growth, the stem grows outwards in two directions but remains thin and the other two become thin, flat and woody ribbon for increased flexibility
    - - Then the outermost cells of each bundle develop into fibers w/ thick secondary walls; causing the primary tissues to be woody; having more conducting capacity and greater strength each year, so branching is feasible
  - - - A vascular cambium never develops and true wood and secondary phloem do not occur: the trunk doesn't grow radically; its hard and woody because each vascular bundle is enclosed in a sheath of strong, heavy fibers
- - - - Xylem structure of early vascular plants: two types; endarch protostele and exarch protostele
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- - - - a sporophyte generation was ‘inserted’, or interpolated, into the life cycle
  - - - the modern sporophyte evolved through the transformation of an existing form
- - - - Wind-pollinated Flowers- pollination of plants by means of pollen carried on the wind. Some flowers include: wheat, rice, corn, rye, barley, and oats.
- - - - Classification: Dry- one that is not typically eaten by the natural seed-distributing animals; or fleshy- those that are eaten during the natural seed distribution process.
        
        Further classification of dry fruits: Dehiscent fruits- break open and release the seeds, Indehiscent fruits- do not break open and release seeds.
- - - - Virtually all mosses are homosporous: All species are the same size and appear to be identical
      - Matabolism and Ecology: Some mosses grow in microhabitats, such as rainforest, cloud forest, and spray zones near waterfalls
        
        Other mosses are tolerant of desiccation, drying does not damage them; resistant to low and high temps and intense ultraviolet light
- - - - Liverworts may be either bisexual or unisexual
      - Sporophyte Generation: have a foot, seta, and calyprta covered sporangium
        
        As the surrounding gametophore and sporophyte tisses age, die, and decay, the spores are finally liberated #
- - - - The Gametophyte Generation: thin and all long; shaped like a ribbon or heart, they may grow outward irregularly forming a disk
        
        Gametangium development in distinctive in hornworts
- - - - S is the number of species, A is the area, c and z are constants that must be discovered by studying individual communities
        
        once c and z are known for various communities, they can be used to compare the diversity of those communities
- - - - Feeding rate refers to how quickly a predator find a new prey individual, and handling time refers to the amount of time needed to actually consume the prey
        
        feeding rate will be faster if there are more prey individuals available, so a predator's functional response is dependent on pray density, it is prey-dependent
- - - - food web: tracing all prey of the top carnivores and then tracing the food sources of each of those prey species and so on, we obtains a network of numerous interrelations
        
        energy flow web: various organisms eat or decompose others, and this is turned and consumed. Because some organisms consume the same prey, and in turn each is consumed by various other organisms, energy flows through the community in a web-like pattern
        
        Keystone species: a species that dramatically effects the structure of its community, having an impact out of proportion to its size or the number of individuals present
- - - - (2) clumped distributions; those to which to spacing between plants is either small or large, but rarely average
        
        (3) uniform distributions; are the types that occur in orchards and tree plantations, all individuals are evenly spaces from their neighbors
- - - - (1) The population must produce more offspring than can possibly grow and survive to maturity in that habitat
      - (2) The progeny must differ from each other in their types of alleles; if they are identical all are affected by diversity in the same way and to the same degree
- - - - reproduction isolation can occur in many ways, but the two fundamental causes are abiological and biological reprductive barriers
    - - gene flow occurs through pollen transfer, seed dispersal, and vegetative propagation
- - - - epidermal cells regulate transpiration, increase water absorption, and secrete substances
- - - - in a thick layer of chlorenchyma, the lowest cells would be in almost complete darkness, unable to photosynthesis
  - - - dorsal surface: the blades lower side of the leaf, larger veins protrude like backbones
        
        veins: bundle of vascular tissue within a leaf
        
        abscission zone: the region at the base of an organ, such as a leaf or fruit in which cells die and tear, permitting the organ to fall
        
        leaf scar: the region on a stem where a leaf was attached prior to abscrission
      - ventral surface: the upper side of the leaf (usually smooth)
        
        petiole: the stalk of the leaf, that holds the blade out into the light
    - - sheathing leaf base: when a monocot lacks a petiole the leaf base wraps around the stem to form a ...
    - - rachis: the extension of a petiole in a compound leaf, all leaflets are attached to the rachis
    - - parallel ventation: almost exclusively in monocot leafs, a pattern in which all veins run parallel to each other
- - - - intercellular space present between cells
      - consists of living cells and maturity #
      - unspecialized cells
  - - - made up of waterproofing lignin
      - no intercellular space is present between the cells
      - consists of dead cells at maturity
    - - provide elastic support and some (tracheary elements) are invovled in water transport
  - - - provide plastic support
      - no or little intercellular space is present between cells
- - - - within it is axillary bud, a miniature shoot with a dormant apical meristem and several young leaves
        
        bud scales cover the bud, they protect the delicate organs inside
        
        At the extreme tip of each stem is a terminal bud
- - - - shields delicate internal cells
  - - - sieve cells and sieve tube members; "sieve element"
        
        remains alive during differentiation, and the plasma membrane that lined the plasma continues to line the sieve pore
        
        the amount of cytoplasm within the pore also increases, and rapid, bulk movement from cell to cell become possible
  - - - some are very complex; containing many specialized cells that secrete latex, mucilage, or pitch (resin)
        
        some cortex cells contain large crystals of calcium oxalate or deposits of silica
- - - - protoxylem first form in xylem, develop before plant organ has completed growth
        
        metaxylem later formed in xylem, differentiates when the plant organ has completed its growth
- - - - quality of light refers to the colors or wavelengths it contains
      - quantity of light refers to the light intensity or brightness, which is affected by many factors
      - duration of light refers to the amount of time that a plant is exposed to sunlight
  - - - water movement from interior air spaces to exterior air is minimized b/c so few stomata are present
        
        photosynthesis is reduced b/c absorption of CO2 is slowed
- - - - Kreb Cycle (Mitochondria)
        
        Electron Transport (Mitochondria)
        
        Net ATP = 36
      - 34 ATP produced by breaking down glucose # #
  - - - C6H12O6—-> 2 (C3H4O3) + 2 NAD-H2 + Energy
      - Fermintation
        
        1) Alcoholic Fermentation 2) Lactic Acid Fermintation
        
        2 ATP/ Glucose
        
        Net ATP = 2
      - Both regenerate molecules to keep glycolysis going #