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Lexical Relation (Synonymy (Definition:
Two or more words with very…
Lexical Relation
Synonymy
Definition:
- Two or more words with very closely related meanings
- They can often, though not always, be substituted for each other in sentences.
- The idea of 'sameness' of meaning used in discussing synonymy is not necessarily "total sameness" but best to only be considered as "close synonymys".
- Synonymous forms may differ in terms of formal versus informal use.
Examples:
- "What was his answer?" = "What was his reply?"
- Almost/Nearly, Big/Large, Broad/Wide, Buy/Purchase
Antonymy
Definition:
- Two forms with opposite meanings.
- Divided into three main types, "gradable" (opposites along a scale) , "non-gradable" (direct opposites) , "reversives" (one is the reverse action of the other).
Examples:
- Gradable: (Used in Comparitive Constructions)
- smaller, older, richer, slower, shorter
- Non-gradable: (Complementary Pair and Not Comparitive)
- My grandparents are dead
(/) My grandparents aren't alive
(x) My grandparents are deader
- Reversives: (To avoid negative forms of the opposite pair)
(Reversing an action/word)
- dress = undress, enter = exit, pack/unpack, tie/untie, raise/lower
Hyponymy
Definition:
- When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another.
- A type of hierarchial relationship.
- Captures the concept of 'is a kind of' or 'a type of'.
- Two levels; Superordinate (Higher level) & Co-hyponymys (Share/Under the same superordinate)
Examples:
- Living Creatures - Creature, Plant
- Creatures - Animal, Birds, Insect
Plant - Vegetables, Flower, Tree
- Animal - Dog, Horse/ Bird - Duck, Parrot/ Insect - Ant, Cockroach
Vegetable - Turnip/ Flower - Rose/ Tree - Banyan, Pine
- Dog - Terrier, Golden Retriever/ Parrot - Parakeet
Pine - Fir
- Terrier - Schanauzer, Yorkie, Jack Russell
Prototypes
Definition:
- Helps explain or give a clearer picture of certain word category.
- An idea perceived as 'the characteristic instance'.
Examples:
- Bird = Chicken , Sparrow. (are the first thing that comes to mind instead of Penguin or Ostrich)
- Furniture = Chair, Table (instead of stool or bench)
- Clothing = Shirt (instead of shoes)
- Vegetables = Carrots (instead of potato or tomatoes)
Homophones and Homonyms
Definition:
- When two or more different (written) forms have the same pronunciation, they are describes as homophones.
- We use the term homonyms when one form (written or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings.
A) Homophones:
(same pronunciation)
Example:
Bare/ Bear, Flour/Flower, Meat/Meet, Pail/Pale, Right/WriteB) Homonyms
(one word with more than one meaning)
Example:
- Bat (flying creature) - Bat (Sports)
- Mole (on skin) - Mole (small animal)
- Pen (writing instrument) - Pen (enclosed space)
- Race (a contest of speed) - Race (Ethnic group)
Polysemy
Definition:
- Two or more words with the same form and related meanings.
- One word with multiple meanings taht are realated to extensions
Example:
- Head
One of our body part
Person in charge
Froth on top of a glass of beer
- Foot
of a person
of a bed
of a mountain
- Run
Person does
Water does
Colours do
Word Play
Definition:
- Usy for humourous effect
- Most of the lexic relations are the basis of a lot of word play
Example:
- Why are trees often mistaken for dogs?
By recognizing the hymonymy (same word different mesnings) in the answer:
Because of their bark.
- Why is 6 afraid of 7?
Homophones (sounds the same): Because 78(ate)9
Metonymy
-
Examples:
- Container- contents (bottle/water, can, juice)
- Whole-part relation (car/wheels, house/roof)
- Representative - symbol relationship (king/crown, President / White House)
Definition
- How meanings in sentences/words relate to each other.
- Lexical items contain information about category (lexical and syntactic), form and meaning.
- Some relations between lexical items include hyponymy, synonymy, prototypes, and antonymy, as well as homophones and homonymy