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MM Course, Transport Processes # # (Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active…

- - - - single base converted to another
    - - piece of DNA lost
    - - addition of extra DNA
    - - put in backward
  - - - something that casuse
    - - code for enzyme that cuts and splices DNA
    - - insertion sequence
- - - - 1 character is analyzed and studied
    - - 2 identical alleles
    - - 2 diff alleles
    - - no dominant allele
    - - F1
        
        F2
  - - - own pollen=own egg
  - - - does not show recessive allele
    - - a line selfed and kept pure
    - - involves plant in question
- - - - centimorgan
- - - - alleles of both parents transmitted equally
    - - genomes from maternal parent
    - - spots of white, red, or orange
  - - - presence can kill plant
  - - - more than two sets of chromosomes
    - - change in chromosome #/nucleus in plants
    - - similar to wild type alleles
    - - multiple copies of a gene
- - - - community diversity
    - - relationship b/ area and species richness
    - - number of species abundance
- - - - time needed to find prey and eat it
    - - feeding rate dependent on prey density
    - - effect of prey density on predator populations
    - - finding balance of conditions for prey and predator
    - - harvesting enough of a species to keep population density
    - - amount of prey that can be harvested with a particular amount of effort
    - - fixed number harvested with unlimited effort and time
  - - - understanding why herbivores eat some plants and not others
    - - model based on optimal diet model
  - - - resource competition when organisms use same resource
    - - one organism restricts another organisms access to the resource
    - - any substance leading to increased growth rates
- - - - Shivering
      - Heat loss
      - Muscle contraction/relaxation
    - - Helps plants survive stress conditions
  - - - Trilgycerides
      - phospholipids
      - Glycerol
- - - - Possible due to liquids having diff. boiling temps.
- - - - derived from fusiform initials
    - - develops from ray initailas
    - - all basal angiosperms and eudicots
    - - from conifers
  - - - when lots of new vessels are conducting rapidly
    - - 1 year of growth
    - - vessels located throughout
    - - vessels restricted to early wood
    - - first wood formed
  - - - center of log darker and more fragrant wood
    - - moister outer region
    - - plug in vessels
- - - - regions of aerenchymatous cork
- - - - increased number of storage parenchyma
    - - located b/w two bands of xylem
    - - creates vines with advantageous flexibility
    - - secondary vascular bundles
- - - - Grow close together, tightly appressed and forming dense mounds
    - - Hydroids
        
        innermost cortex conduct water and dissolved materials
      - Leptoids
        
        elongate with relatively prominent interconnections
      - Rhizoids
        
        small multicellular trichome structures that penetrate surface of substrate
    - - Protonema
        
        lots of small chloroplasts
    - - Antheridia
        
        Where sperms produced
      - Archegonia
        
        where eggs occur
  - - - small, bulbous tissue at bottom of archegonium
    - - simple apical sporangium
    - - narrow stalk b/w foot and sporangium
    - - caplike lid
    - - cell breakage forms complex teeth
    - - layer of cells from neck of archegonium
- - - - Jungermanniales and Haplomitriales
    - - flat and ribbon like
    - - body w/o roots, stems, and leaves
    - - have no guard cells and can't be closed
    - - umbrella shaped outgrowth
    - - stalked with apex that have radiating fingers projecting outward and droop downward
  - - - single elongated cells with spring-shaped walls
- - - - Sperms/eggs
        
        zygote
        
        syngamy
    - - sphorophytes
        
        spores
        
        gametophyte
    - - micro/megaspores
    - - Heteromorphic generations
  - - - Receptacle
    - - Sepals, Petals, Stamens, and Carpels
    - - lack 1 or 2 appendages
  - - - vegetative cell
      - generative cell
      - Pollen tube
    - - Embryo sac
      - Central cell
        
        Polar nuclei
        
        antipodal cells
        
        egg apparatus
        
        synergids
  - - - mesocarp
        
        endocarp
        
        pericarp
- - - - limited growth potential
    - - outermost flowers open first
- - - - only ovarian tissue
    - - any nonovarian tissue
    - - fruit developed from single ovary
    - - separate carpels of one gynoecium fuse
    - - all inflorescence fuse into one fruit
  - - - break down release seeds
    - - do not
- - - - Reactions w/o O2 in the mitochondria
    - - Oxidations with O2 in mitochondria
    - - Uses sunlight in Cholorplasts
  - - - after oxid. reduced to +1 oxid.
      - carries e- on small on metal atom
      - can move short distance along chloroplast membrane
    - - only carry e- b/ sites that are extremely close
      - contains heme
      - part of cholorplast's thylakoid
    - - pick up 2 e- bind 2 p+
      - transport e- over short dist. w/i membrane
      - hydrophobic so dissolve easily
  - - - gaining electrons
    - - losing electrons
- - - - lower side
    - - upper side
  - - - Petiolate
- - - - lateral veins
        
        minor veins
    - - bundle sheath extension
- - - - Mass of parenchyma cells, most common
    - - Involved in photosynthesis, lots of chloroplasts
    - - secrete nectar, fragrances, mucilage, resins, and oils
    - - mediate short transport of material
  - - - thin in some areas
      - thick in corners
      - Present in elongating shoot tips
  - - - flexible
    - - isodiametric
- - - - Terminal bud: at tip of stem
  - - - Axillary bud: w/i leaf axil
      - Phyllotaxy: leaf arrangement
  - - - Rhizomes: fleshy horizontal stems, underground
      - Tubers: horizontal, grow short periods, store nutrients
- - - - Cuticle: pure layer of cutin
    - - Stoma
    - - hairs
  - - - tracheids
      - vessel elments
    - - Sieve cells
      - sieve tube members
  - - - holds both xylem and phloem strands parallel
    - - part of the primary plant body
    - - region of parenchyma
    - - vascular bundle of phloem
- - - - increase absorptive and transport capacities of root system
  - - - protects root apical meristem
    - - complex polysaccharide secreted by root cap cells
    - - behind root cap where division happens
    - - where epidermal cells extend
    - - only where root is not elongating
- - - - mitotically inactive central region
  - - - tangential walls
    - - bands of altered walls
- - - - tolerance range
    - - pioneers
        
        first plants that invade a new soil
      - A horizon
        
        zone of leaching
      - B horizon
        
        zone of depostion
      - C horizon
        
        parent rock and rock formations
    - - i.e. fires, landslides, snow, avalanches, and floods
  - - - present in habitat changes it
    - - mutualism
      - competition
      - niche
      - competitive exclusion
      - ecotypes
      - transplant experiments
      - common garden
    - - commensal relationships
      - predation
      - herbivory
      - pathogenic
- - - - limiting factor
    - - Random distribution
      - Clumped distribution
      - Uniform distributions
      - allelochemics
  - - - r-selected species
        
        annuals or small shrubby perennials
    - - K-selected species
- - - - physical size and shape of organisms
    - - trees, shrubs, and herbs
- - - - new alleles increase
    - - events where organism can't adapt
    - - purposeful changing of gene pool
    - - survival of fittest
    - - Purpose
      - Intention
      - Planning
      - Voluntary decision making
- - - - allopatric
    - - sympatric speciation
      - prezygotic isolation mechanisms
      - postzygotic internal isolation barriers
      - hybrid sterility
      - hybrid inviability
    - - founder
- - - - 2nd atmosphere
      - reducing atmoshpere
    - - UV and gamma radiation
- - - - branches of equal size and vigor
    - - homosporous
    - - Endarch Protostele
        
        protoxylem in center
      - Exarch Protostele
        
        metaxylem in center
      - Siphonostele
        
        pith is center
  - - - Outgrows on the surface appearing like thin scales
- - - - increased photosynthesis
  - - - small flap of tissue on upper surface of Selaginella leaves
- - - - one stem grows more vigorous than other
    - - single main trunk #
  - - - Leaves evolved from branch systems
    - - Telomes
        
        ultimate twigs