Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Nervous System- Luz Ramirez per.5 (Drugs that affect the brain (Opioids-…
Nervous System- Luz Ramirez per.5
Major functions of the nervous system
Stablishing and maintaining mental activity
CNS: Central Nervous System
Maintaining Homeostasis
PNS: Peripheral Nervous System
Controlling all 3 muscle types & glands: Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth and Motor output.
Neurons are specialized cells of the nervous system that transmit signals throughout the body
Integrating information: control center.
Motor neurons are not just limited to sending signals to muscles, they can also send signals to glands within our body and stimulate or inhibit secretion of various substances that then carry out or regulate many body functions.
Receiving sensory input: External and internal.
Major divisions and subdivisions
central nervous system- is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.
peripheral nervous system- consists of nerves that run throughout the body. The peripheral nervous system itself is made up of two subdivisions.
The autonomic nervous system- regulates a variety of body process that takes place without conscious effort.It is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion
subdivisions- the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.
somatic nervous system- is responsible for movement of voluntary muscles and the process known as a reflex arc
Major part of the brain and their functions
Cerebellum: is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
Brainstem: acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
Names of all the lobes and their functions
Frontal lobes- personality, behavior,emotions, judgement, planning, problem solving, speech,body movement, intelligence,concentration, and self-awareness
Parietal lobe-Interprets language, words, sense of touch, pain, temperature, Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory and memory Spatial and visual perception
Occipital lobe-nterprets vision (color, light, movement)
Temporal lobe- understanding language,Memory,Hearing,Sequencing and organization.
The layers of the meninges
The arachnoid or arachnoid mater is the middle layer of the meninges. In some areas, it projects into the sinuses formed by the dura mater. These projections are the arachnoid granulation/arachnoid villi. They transfer cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles back into the bloodstream.
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid produced within spaces in the brain called ventricles. Like saliva it is a filtrate of blood. It is also found inside the subarachnoid space of the meninges which surrounds both the brain and the spinal chord. In addition, a space inside the spinal chord called the central canal also contains cerebrospinal fluid.
The dura mater is the most superior of the meningeal layers. Its name means "hard mother" in Latin and it is tough and inflexible. This tissue forms several structures that separate the cranial cavity into compartments and protect the brain from displacement.
Spaces & ventricles
There are two ventricles deep within the cerebral hemispheres called the lateral ventricles. They both connect with the third ventricle through a separate opening called the foramen of Monro. The third ventricle connects with the fourth ventricle through a long narrow tube called the aqueduct of Sylvius. From the fourth ventricle, CSF flows into the subarachnoid space where it bathes and cushions the brain. CSF is recycled (or absorbed) by special structures in the superior sagittal sinus called arachnoid villi.
A balance is maintained between the amount of CSF that is absorbed and the amount that is produced. A disruption or blockage in the system can cause a build up of CSF, which can cause enlargement of the ventricles (hydrocephalus) or cause a collection of fluid in the spinal cord (syringomyelia)
Tissues (structure & function of a neuron)
Nervous tissue contains two categories of cells — neurons and neuroglia. Neurons are highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses. Neuroglia are supporting cells that provide physical sport, remove debris, and provide electrical insulation.
Nervous tissue is composed of three main parts: nerves, the spinal cord and the brain. The primary function of nervous tissue is to receive stimuli and send the impulse to the spinal cord and brain. The brain sends back a response to the muscles via the nerves.
Classification of neurons
Sensory neurons are unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar shaped cells that conduct action potentials toward or into the central nervous system.
motor neurons (efferent neurons; lower motor neurons) are multipolar shaped cells that conduct action potentials out of the central nervous system.
Interneurons(internuncial or association neurons) are the billions of cells that form much of the central nervous system and link the sensory and motor neurons.
Cranial nerve
Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain ,in contrast to spinal nerves (which emerge from segments of the spinal cord).] 10 of the cranial nerves originate in the brainstem. Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck.
Action potential
An action potential is part of the process that occurs during the firing of a neuron. During the action potential, part of the neural membrane opens to allow positively charged ions inside the cell and negatively charged ions out. ... This electrical impulse is carried down the nerve through a series of action potentials
Drugs that affect the brain
Opioids- pin point pupils, stop breathing, and itchiness
Inhalants- impairs coordination, Speech, judgment, affect brain, and sudden death.
Cocaine- mumming effect, increase energy, confidence and appetite decreases, and its highly addictive
Marijuana- relaxed, peaceful feeling, anxiety, paranoid, impair thinking, memory, and attention
Alcohol- slows brain function, causes death, abuse and addition, and memory loss
Psychedelics- entestity sensation, emotion, hallucinations, and increase body temperature
Nicotine- increase nerve activity, withdraw symptoms, and intense carvings
GHB and Rohypnol- relaxing, hallucination, slow breathing, coma, death, and mixing with other drug can kill you
Methamphetamine- speed up brain, increase alertness, decrease in appetite, heart damage, and memory loss
Dissociative Drug- hallucinations, feeling detached from body and surroundings, lose touch with reality, fever, and coma
MDMA- increases in energy, muscle cramping, chills, sweat, panic attacks, and seizures
Diseases associated with the brain
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling.
A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). It can occur after an impact to your head or after a whiplash-type injury that causes your head and brain to shake quickly back and forth. A concussion results in an altered mental state that may include becoming unconscious.
Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain. The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid normally flows through the ventricles and bathes the brain and spinal column
Contusion is a medical term for a common bruise. While you likely think of bruises as splotchy areas of discoloration on your skin, they can also happen to your bones and muscles. In most cases, both soft tissue and bone contusions heal on their own within a week or two, though bone contusions might take longer.
Anencephaly- is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception.
Closed-head injury is a type of traumatic brain injury in which the skull and dura mater remain intact. Closed-head injuries are the leading cause of death in children under 4 years old and the most common cause of physical disability and cognitive impairment in young people.
An intracranial hemorrhage is a type of bleeding that occurs inside the skull (cranium). Bleeding around or within the brain itself is known as a cerebral hemorrhage (or intracerebral hemorrhage). Bleeding caused by a blood vessel in the brain that has leaked or ruptured (torn) is called a hemorrhagic stroke.
Dementia describes a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking and social abilities severely enough to interfere with your daily life. It isn't a specific disease, but several different diseases may cause dementia. Though dementia generally involves memory loss, memory loss has different causes.
Stroke is a disease that affects the arteries leading to and within the brain. It is the No. 5 cause of death and a leading cause of disability in the United States. A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot or bursts
Divisions of the PNS of the body
A motor neuron (or motoneuron) is a neuron whose cell body is located in the motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands.
Sensory neurons are nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses. For example, some sensory neurons respond to tactile stimuli and can activate motor neurons in order to achieve muscle contraction.
Anatomy of the spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.
coverings
The meninges refer to the membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord. There are three layers of meninges, known as the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.
Neurotransmitters
Glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system. GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult vertebrate brain. Glycine is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord.
Compare & contrast the
autonomic nervous system;
The major differences between the two systems are evident in the responses that each produces. The somatic nervous system causes contraction of skeletal muscles. The autonomic nervous system controls cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue.
Reflex arc
A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain.