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Chapter 19: Sleep (Arousal Systems (Histamine (posterior hypothalamus)…

- - - - address stressor
  - - - reassurance
  - - - continuous positive airway pressure
  - - - medication: Provigil
  - - - progressive, neurodegeneration
- - - - Electroencephalogram (EEG) measures electrical activity from scalp surface
        
        shows activity of cerebral cortex
        
        voltages generated by currents that flow through synaptic excitation of dendrites of pyramidal neurons
        
        Recording neuronal aggregates
        
        pyramidal cells located under an EEG electrode (each neuron receives many synaptic inputs)
        
        If inputs fire at irregular time intervals
        
        pyramidal cell responses are NOT synchronized
        
        summed activity detected by electrode has SMALL amplitude (high frequency, low amplitude)
        
        If inputs fire within narrow time window
        
        responses are synchronized (Amplitude depends on synchrony)
        
        larger EEG (low frequency, high amplitude)
        
        study stages of sleep and cognitive processes during wakefulness
- - - - accumulation of ADENOSINE, a metabolite of ATP
      - indicative of neuronal depletion of energy stores
      - caffeine blocks adenosine receptors
- - - - slow wave, synchronized
      - emotional dreams
      - body IS capable of movement
    - - desynchronized, beta-like, paradoxical
      - vivid, visual hallucinations (sense of being "there" and thinking
      - motor paralysis
    - - Stage 1 non-REM: Theta rhythms
        
        alpha rhythms of relaxed waking become less regular and weaken
        
        eyes: slow rolling
      - Stage 2 non-REM
        
        spindle - 8-14Hz
        
        K complex: high amplitude sharp wave
        
        eye movements almost stop
      - Stage 3 non-REM: delta rhythms
        
        large amplitude, slow delta rhythms
        
        few eye/body movements
      - Stage 4 non-REM: delta rhythms
        
        large EEG delta rhythms of 2 Hz or less
      - Stage 5 REM sleep: beta rhythms
        
        looks similar to awake person
      - awake: alpha, beta rhythms
        
        low amplitude, high frequency
- - - - net INCREASE in synaptic strength
      - INCREASE need for energy, supplies
      - INCREASE in cellular stress
      - DECREASE in extracellular space
      - DECREASE in signal-noise ratio
        
        saturation of plasticity (limits capacity for new learning)
      - IMPAIRMENT of vigilance, cognition, learning
    - - net DECREASE in synaptic strength
      - RESTORATION of energy, supplies, cellular homeostasis, extracellular space
      - INCREASE in signal-noise ratio
        
        desaturation of plasticity
        
        during low arousal, weak synapses are eliminated
      - RESTORATION of vigilance, cognition, learning
      - memory consolidation and integration