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Emotion (Anxiety Disorders (Panic Disorder (attack of sympathetic activity…

- - - - psychological trauma
        
        increased anxiety
        
        intrusive memories
        
        flashback of traumatic experiences
        
        irritability
        
        emotional numbness
    - - obsession
        
        recurring intrusive thoughts that produce severe anxiety
      - compulsion
        
        repetitive behaviors/acts to relieve anxiety associated w/ obsessions
  - - - dysregulation (promoting inappropriate fear responding) shown in some anxiety disorders
      - diminished projection from cortex to amygdala, which normally modulates fear/anxiety responses
    - - fewer binding site for benzodiazepine in frontal cortex
  - - - gradually expose patient to stimuli that produces anxiety
      - reinforce notion that stimuli ≠ dangerous
    - - benzodiazepines
        
        bind to GABA receptor & enhance functions
        
        suppress activity in emotion circuits
        
        alcohol has same effects
        
        alcohol abuse common in anxiety disorders
        
        i.e. diazepam, valium, ativan (addictive)
    - - serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors
      - prolong actions of 5-HT (serotonin) by blocking reuptake
      - rare genetic mutation in serotonin transporter gene associated w/ high incidence of OCD
      - i.e prozac, celexa
- - - - decreases in normal fear and aggression reactions (vocalizations and fear expression)
      - humans w/ temporal lobe lesions (also destroys amygdala) have flattened emotions
  - - - neocortex – all sensory cortices project to basolateral nuclei
      - hippocampus
      - cingulate gyri
    - - hypothalamus
      - periaqueductal grey (PAG)
        
        contributes to autonomic and behavioral changes
      - cortex
        
        subjective emotions
- - - - hard to imagine/maintain rage w/out pounding heart, tensed muscles, or flushed face
      - anger management techniques
        
        deep-breathing exercise
        
        imagining a relaxing scene
        
        repeat calming word/phrase
      - facial feedback – subjects told to make recognizable facial expressions (anger, fear surprise) exhibit measurable changes in autonomic activity
- - - - angry faces conditioned to be unpleasant activate amygdala – even though angry face not perceived
      - subjects have increased skin conductance (sweating)
      - angry face briefly flashed & paired w/ unpleasant sound then expressionless face