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Nervous System (Drugs that Affect the Brain (Alcohol (slows brain &…
Nervous System
Drugs that Affect the Brain
Alcohol
slows brain & nerve function, impares coordination, reasoning, balance, speed, reaction, time, and judgement
Anabolic Steroids
hair loss, liver & heart disease, severe acne, oily skin, altered mood
Cocaine
increased energy, confidence, & alertness, decrease apetite
Dissociative Drugs
causes hallucination, distortion, feeling of displacement, lose touch w/ reality, and unpredictable/violent
GHB & Rohypnol
memory loss, hallucinations, nausea, slow breathing, coma, memory loss, death
Hallucinogens
distortions in perception, swing emotions, and sleeplessness
Heroine
pin point pupils, drowsiness, itching, vomiting, stop breathing, bad flu, chills, and headache
Inhalants
impairs coordination, speech, & judgement, hallucinations, confusion, seizure, and sudden death
Marijuana
peaceful feeling, relaxation, impares thinking, paranoia, memory, attentiveness, affects coordination, balance, and reaction time
MDMA
increase energy, distort perception, panic attacks, seizure, overheating, and dehydration
Spaces and Ventricles
Longitudinal Fissure - separates brain into right and left cerebral hemispheres
Transverse Fissure - separates cerebrum and cerebellum
Corpus Callosum - connects both hemispheres
Lateral Ventricle - large area under corpus callosum
Third Ventricle - between the two hemispheres of the diencephalon
Fourth Ventricle - within the pons / in the upper part of the medulla oblongata
Central Sulcus - separates frontal lobe and parietal lobe
Lateral Sulcus - separates the frontal lobe and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe
Action Potential
Nerve impulse is transmitted
strong stimulation cause NA+ gates to open
Na+ rushes into cell causing depolarization
strong polarization occurs, threshold potential is reaches
impulse is sent down axon
K+ rushes out of neuron after Na+ rushes in
Repolarization of the membrane occurs, back to resting potential
Major Functions
Sensory Function
detects changes (stimuli) within body and outside body
Integrative Function
it analyzes sensory information, stores some aspects, and makes decisions regarding appropriate behaviors
Motor Function
it may respond to stimuli by initiating muscular contractions or grandular secretions
sensory receptor > sensory input > integration > motor output > effector cells
Major Divisions and Subdivisions
Frontal Lobe
controls voluntary actions, speech, muscle movement, and is concerned with memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, intelligence, and language comprehension
Parietal Lobe
receives impulses for touch, pain, proprioception, and temperature
Occipital Lobe
visual area
visual recognition
Temporal Lobe
olfactory area and smell
auditory area : hearing
Major Parts of the Brain
Cerebrum
largest portion
Diencephalan
superior to brain stem, surrounded by cerebrum
Brain Stem
made of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
Cerebellum
little brain
Lobes
Frontal Lobe
Broca's Area - coordinates muscle movements for speech
Primary Motor Cortex - controls voluntary actions of specific movement
Parietal Lobe
receives impulses for touch, pain, proprioception, temperature
Occipital Lobe
visual area, visual recognition
Temporal Lobe
Olfactory area : smell
auditory area : hearing
Layers of Meninges
Dura Mater
outermost layer
Pia Mater
innermost membrane
Arachnoid Mater
middle layer
Tissues
Neurons
cell body - contains nucleus and other organelles
dendrites - receiving portions, short, tapered, highly branched
axons start as a single fiber
sensory or afferent neurons - transmit sensory impulses
motor or efferent neurons - transmit motor nerve impulses from CNS to effectors
Classification of Neurons
Bipolar
one main dendrite and one axon
Unipolar
just one process and are always sensory neurons. axon terminals are in CNS and cell bodies in ganglia
Multipolar
several dendrites and one axon
Coverings
Endoneurium
surrounds individual neuron
Epineurium
surrounds entire nerve
Perineurium
surrounds fascicles
Divisions of PNS
Somatic Nervous System
brings info from skin, special senses, body wall, and limbs to CNS, and motor neurons to skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous Sysytem
brings info to reception in integral organs to CNS, and motor neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and glands
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
emergency or non-normal situations
Parasympathetic Nervous System
normal everyday situations
Reflex
rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli
Reflex Arc - direct route from a sensory neuron to an interneuron, motor neuron to an effector
Spinal Cord
Anatomy of Spinal Cord
31 pairs of spinal nerves and the end of the spinal cord is conus medullaris
Connection between brain and brainstem to the rest of the body
extends from medulla oblongata and ends at second lumbar, vertebrae in adults
two enlargements
cervical enlargement : nerves to and from upper limbs
lumbar enlargement : nerves to and from lower limbs
Neurotransmitters
6 major types
dopamine
sends signals to other nerve cells
acetylcholine
the chemical that motor neurons release
norepinephrine
deals with attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming, and learning
serotonin
deals with feelings of well-being and happiness
GABA
deals with motor control, vision, and cortical functions
glutamate
a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells