Basic emotions, they are innate, evolutionarily adapted, and universal.

These emotions include fear, anger, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, and contempt.

These emotions include remorse, guilt, submission, shame, love, bitterness, and jealousy.

Arousal (the physiological activation or increased autonomic responses)

norepinephrine is a monoamine neurotransmitter involved in states of arousal and attention :

dopamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter involved in motivation, reward, and motor control over voluntary movement ⭐

bodily awareness senses heartbeat and hunger; it receives and integrates somatosensory signals from the entire body.

activated in a variety of emotions including anger, guilt, and anxiety

quick and dirty pathway: almost instantaneously processes sensory information, this is a response to a threat. This was developed through evolution to protect animals from danger.

second pathway is slower and leads to more thorough evaluations, this is a confirmation of a threat

most important part of emotional learning (development of classically conditioned fears)