COPD
Inflammatory mechanisms
Risk factors
Treatments
Lifestyle
Environmental
Genetic
Lung and aging
decrease in forced expiratory volume
decrease in static elastic recoil of the lung because of dilation of alveolar ducts
senile emphysema
smoking cessation
yearly influenza vaccination
homogenous airspace dilation
reduction in exposure to environmental and occupational risk factors
decrease in chest wall compliance
decline in strength of respiratory muscles
bronchodilators
respiratory rehabilitation
glutathione S-transferase
maternal smoking
glucocorticosteroids
maternal exposure to air pollution
indoor and outdoor air pollution
biomass exposure
obesity
antibiotic use
smoking
polymorphisms that increase the risk of COPD
Serine protease inhibitor
mutations in this gene promote emphysema
Vitamin D binding protein
prevalance is higher in COPD patients
Hallmarks
Mitochondrial dysfunction
- lower mitochondrial DNA copy numbers
Genomic instability
- induced by smoking
Cellular senescence
- induced by smoking
Epigenetic alterations
neutrophils
eosinophilic inflammation
macrophages
inflammatory proteins
ROS and NO generation
mucus hypersecretion
hyperplasia