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COPD (Treatments (smoking cessation, yearly influenza vaccination,…
COPD
Treatments
smoking cessation
yearly influenza vaccination
reduction in exposure to environmental and occupational risk factors
bronchodilators
respiratory rehabilitation
glucocorticosteroids
Lung and aging
decrease in forced expiratory volume
decrease in static elastic recoil of the lung because of dilation of alveolar ducts
senile emphysema
homogenous airspace dilation
decrease in chest wall compliance
decline in strength of respiratory muscles
Hallmarks
Mitochondrial dysfunction
lower mitochondrial DNA copy numbers
Genomic instability
induced by smoking
Cellular senescence
induced by smoking
Epigenetic alterations
Inflammatory mechanisms
neutrophils
mucus hypersecretion
hyperplasia
eosinophilic inflammation
macrophages
inflammatory proteins
ROS and NO generation
Risk factors
Lifestyle
obesity
antibiotic use
smoking
Environmental
maternal smoking
maternal exposure to air pollution
indoor and outdoor air pollution
biomass exposure
Genetic
glutathione S-transferase
polymorphisms that increase the risk of COPD
Serine protease inhibitor
mutations in this gene promote emphysema
Vitamin D binding protein
prevalance is higher in COPD patients