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Nervous System (Major Nerves of Body (all nerves part of the cranial nerve…
Nervous System
Major Nerves of Body
all nerves part of the cranial nerve
olfactory:
optic:
trochlear:
trigeminal:
abducent:
facial:
vestibulocochlear:
glossopharyngeal:
vagus:
accessory:
hypoglossal:
cranial nerves:
olfactory nerves:
optic nerves:
oculomotor nerve:
Trochlear nerve:
Trigeminal nerve:
abducent nerve:
facial nerve:
vestibulocochlear nerve:
glossopharyngeal nerve:
Vagus nerve:
accessory nerve:
hypoglossal nerve:
Major parts and functions of spinal cord
Cervical region: connected to the head, upper body, arms and hands
Thoracic Region: connected to hands, fingers, chest, and abdominal muscles
Sacral Region: connected to the legs, toes, bladder and anal muscles
Coccygeal Region: connected to skin around the coccyx
Relays messages from the brain to different parts of the body in order to perform an action:
to pass along messages from sensory receptors to the brain:
to coordinate reflexes that don't go through the brain and are managed by the spinal cord alone:
Drugs that affect the brain
Alcohol: consumed by drinking~slows brain and nerve function, impairs coordination, reasoning, balancing, speech, reaction time, and judgement
Cocaine: taken by snorting, injecting or smoking~ speeds up brain and nerve activity, numbing, increased energy, alertness, decreased appetite
Nicotine: smoking, chewing, dipping, inhaling, vaping~ increases nerve activity and heart rate
Heroine: seldom, doesn't feel pain signals, stress, or emotional attachment
Ecstasy: sleepiness, appetite, perception distortion, pain relief
Marijuana: relaxation, calmness, slowing down movement
Methamphetamine: intense pleasure, exhilaration
diseases associated with the brain
Alzheimers Disease:
Dementia:
Brain Cancer:
Epilepsy:
Stroke:
Transient Ischemic Attack:
Parkinsons:
Spinal Nerves
mixed nerve that carries motor, sensory and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body:
one pair of spinal nerve per each vertebral column:
cervical nerves:
thoracic nerves:
lumbar nerves:
Sacral Nerves:
Coccygeal Nerves:
Tissues
Ganglion: composed of cell bodies, dendrites, and satellite glial cells
Endoneurium: covers each nerve axon or fiber
Perineurium: nerve fascicle containing one or more axon
Epineurium: outermost layer of dense connective tissue
Classification of Neurons
Structural Classification: grouped according to number of processes extending from their cell body
Multipolar Neurons: have 3+ processes, one axon and rest dendrites
Bipolar Neurons: have two processes, one axon and one dendrite
Unipolar Neuron: single short process that emerges from cell body
Major Functions
Collect sensory input from the body and external environment:
Process and interpret the sensory input:
To respond appropriately to the sensory input:
Major Parts Of the Brain
Cerebellum: located under the cerebrum
Cerebrum: the largest part of the brain and Is composed of two hemispheres
Brain Stem: acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum to the cerebellum to the spinal cord
Meninges
Dura Mater: the tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord
Pia Mater: the delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid Mater: middle layer of brain covering
action potential
occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell location rapidly rises and falls:
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle or nerve cell
divisions of PNS of body:
Automatic: associated with involuntary movements, and regulates bodily functions such as digestion, heart rate, pupillary response
Somatic: associated with voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles, consists of afferent nerves
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine: is released by cholingeric fibers at all ANS prganglionic axons and all parasympathetic protganglionic
Norepinephrine: released by adrenergic fibers at almost all sympathetic postganglionic axons, except those at sweat glands
Compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system
a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions. Regulated by the hypothalamus:
supplies to the internal organs, blood vessels, stomach, intestine, liver, kidneys, bladder, genitals, lungs, pupils, heart, sweat, digestive glands and salivary glands.
Major divisions
Peripheral nerves: every other part of the body
Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord
Lobes and functions
Temporal: memory, sensory input, language, comprehension, emotion
Occipital: visual processing, depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition
Parietal: processes information about temperature, taste, touch and movement
Frontal: cognitive functions, control of voluntary movement and activity
coverings
Meninges
Dura Mater: the tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord
Pia Mater: the delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid Mater: middle layer of brain covering
spaces and ventricles:
communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid and located within the brain parenchyma
anatomy of spinal cord:
a long, thin, tubular, structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column, it encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, containing the cerebrospinal fluid
reflex arc:
a neural pathway that controls a reflex, in vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons by without the delay of routing signals through the brain