Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

*Nervous System (Drugs and Diseases: (Spinal cord trauma and disorder:…

- - - - Supporting cells segregate and insulate neuron and assist neurons in various other ways
        
        Bear a major responsibility for maintaining body homeostasis
- - - - axon of sensory neurons (with cell bodies located in dorsal root ganglions) form dorsal root and enter dorsal aspect of cord. ventral and dorsal root combine to form spinal nerves. Each side of white matter of cord has dorsal, lateral, and ventral column (funiculi) and each funiculi contain number of ascending and descending tract all tracts are parallel and most decussate
        
        Cranial nerve's 12 pairs of cranial nerves with brain two attached to forebrain very with brain stem purely sensory
        
        1 olfactory bulbs: sensory nerves of smell, fiber synapse , pathway terminates in primary olfactory cortex
        
        2 Optic nerve: Aries from retinas, really a brain tract, pass through optic canal, converge and partially cross over a topic chiasm optic radiation fiber run to opptical
        
        3 oculomotor nerve: fiber extend from ventral midbrain through superior orbital fissure to four of six extrinsic eye muscle, function in raising eyelid, directing, eyeball constricting (parasympathetic0 and control Len shape
        
        4 trochlear nerve: fiber from dorsal midbrain enter orbit via superior orbital tissue to innervate superior oblique muscle, primary motor nerve that direct eyeball
        
        1 more item...
- - - - 31 pairs pf spinal nerve tissue from cord, cord is enlarged in cervial and lumbar region where spinal nerves serving limd aries
- - - - Sensory neurons conduct impulse toward CNS motor neuron conduct away CNS and inter neuron (associating neuron like between sensory and motor neuron in neural pathway
        
        Stimulus type and Location
        
        Mechanoreceptors: respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch
        
        Thermoreceptors: sensitive to changes in temperature
        
        Photoreceptors: respond to light energy
        
        Chemoreceptors: respond to chemicals
        
        1 more item...
- - - - diencephalon and brain stem lack cortex
        
        Cerebral cortex: each cerebral hemisphere recieves sensory impulses from and dispatch motor impulse to opposite side of body
        
        body is represented in upside-down fashion in sensory and motor cartices
        
        Fuctional area of cerevral cortex include (1): motor area primary motor and premotor cortices of frontal lobe, franial eye field, and Broca's area in frontal lobe of one hemisphere (ususally left), (2): sensory are primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex in parietal lobe; gustatory, visceral, and vestibular area in insula (3): association area anterior association in frontal lobe and posterior and limbic association area spanning serveral lobes
        
        cerebral hemisphere show lateralization of cortical function
        
        most, left hemisphere is dominant (ie, specialized for language and mathematical skill) right hemisphere is more concered with visual-spatial skill and creative endeavor
- - - - Parasympathetic division -aka craniosacral division because fiber originate from brain stem and sacral region or cord, long preganglionic fiber extended from CNS almost to target organ, synapse with postganglionic fiber interminal ganglia that are close to or within target organ, short postganglionic fiber synapse with effort
        
        Sympathetic division is more complex and innervates more organ than parasympathetic, some structure are innervated only by sympathetic sweat gland, arrecter, pili muscle of heir follicle smooth muscle all blood vessel; also called thoracolumbar division, preganglionic nerve are in spinal cord segment, form lateral horns of spinal cord
- - - - NE is released by adrenergic fiber at: almost all sympathetic postganlionic axon, except those at sweat gland (release ACh)
        
        effect of neurotransmitter depend on whether it binds to cholinergic receptors to adrenergic receptors
        
        Brain protected by bone, meanings, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood brain barrier.
        
        from superficial to deep are the duramater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater; enclose brain, spinal cord, and blood vessel; inward fold of inner layer of dura to secure brain to skull
        
        Cerebrospinal fluid formed by choroid plexuses from blood plasma, circulation through ventricle and to subarachnoid space, return to dural venous sinuses via arachnoid granulation, CSF support and fusion brain spinal cord to nourish them
        
        blood brain barrier consist of mainly tight junction between endothelial cells of capillaries of brain; allows water, respiratory gases, essential nutrients, and lipid soluble molecule to enter neural tissue but blood water soluble and potential harmful substances
- - - - depolarization to approximately +30mV (inside positive) is caused by Na+ influx also ends when Na+ channel inactivates
- - - - 2.) afferent fiber are visceral sensory neuron
        
        3.) effector are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland rather than skeletal muscle, 3 neuron reflex arc exist in walls of gastrointestinal tract, involve enteric nervous system made up at sensory neuron interneuron and motor neuron
- - - - poliomyelitis result from inflammation and destruction of ventral horn neuron by polio-virus
        
        paralysis and muscle atrophy ensue, Amyotrophic lateral soterosis (ALS) result from destruction of ventral horn neuron and pyramidal tract
        
        patient eventually lose ability to swallow,speak, and breathe, death generally occurs in 5 years
  - - - cerebrovascular accident (stroke) result when blood circulation to brain neuron is impaired and tissue dies, result hemiplegia, sensory deficit, or speech impairment
        
        Alzheimer's disease is degenerative brain disease in beta-amyloid peptide deposit and neurtibrillary tangle appear, make ACh result slow, progressive loss of memory and motor central and increase dementia
        
        Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease are neurodegeneration disorder of basal nuclei, both involve abnormalities of neurotransmitter dopamine (too little or too much secreted) and characterized by abnormal movement
        
        Diagnostic produce used to access neurological condition and function range from routine reflex testing to sophisticated techniques such as Ct scans. MRI scans, and PET scans