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Geography (Timothy Kwon) (The Economy - The system of production,…
Geography (Timothy Kwon)
5 Themes Of Geography
Region
Specific areas defined by borders or environmental factors
Human environmental interactions
How people interact with their specific environments
Place
What's it like when you get there
Movement
Movement of people, ideas, and goods
Location
Where it is
Physical Geography
Absolute location
The specific location of a place using coordinates or addresses
Latitude
Imaginary lines that horizontally surround the Earth, measured in degrees
Longitude
Imaginary lines that vertically surround the Earth, measured in degrees
GPS
Global Positioning System used to locate places using satellites
GIS
Geographic information system, layering both information and maps
Relative location
The location of a place relative to something else using cardinal and intermediate directions
Cardinal Directions
North, South, West, East
Intermediate Directions
Northeast, Northwest, Southwest, Southeast
Map projections and distortions
Distortion
These projections are never 100% accurate causing distortions. There are many projections of the Earth, each containing its own strengths and weaknesses based on its distortion type
Projection
Maps created by people try to display the spherical Earth into a 2D map
Mercator projection (Pros/Cons)
Pros
The shapes of the land masses are accurate
Cons
The size of the land masses are unaccurate
Climate vs Weather and Climographs
Climate
The average pattern of weather over time for a given region
Weather
The general condition of the atmosphere at a given time
Climographs
Plots monthly average precipitation and temperature for a given time
Human Geography
Demography: The study of human population
Population Density
The relationship between the amount of people living in a certain area and the size of said area
Rate of Natural Increase (annually)
The annual percent increase/decrease of a population that doesn't include immigrants; represented by the equation, (Birthrate - Death) / 10
Birth rate (annually)
The annual birth rate of a population represented by the equation, (# of live births / the total population) * 1000
Death rate (annually)
The annual death rate of a population represented by the equation, (# of death / the total population) * 1000
Life Expectancy
The average life span of a citizen of a particular population
Total Fertility Rate
The estimated average # of children born to each female of birthing age (15-45), represented by the equation, # of children born / women aged 15-45
Infant Mortality Rate
The rate of infant deaths represented by the equation, the # of deaths / 1000 live births of children under one year of age
Demographic Transition Model
A model that represents the relationship between a country's development and their birth rates, death rates, and total population in 4 different stages of development
Stage 2
Starting to develop, still high birth rate but death rate decreases significantly (Population rises)
Stage 3
Developing quickly, both death and birth rates decreasing (population rises)
Stage 1
Very poor country, high death and birth rates (low total population)
Stage 4
Very developed country, low death and birth rates (population starts to curve off)
Population Pyramids
A demographic model that is used to evaluate the distribution of ages, gender, and total growth or decrease of a population
Slow/Stable growth: Looks like a box
Rapid Growth: Triangle (bottom part larger than the top)
Negative/Declining Growth: Triangle (top part larger than bottom part)
Dependency Ratio
The ratio between people who can't work and people who can work, represented by the equation: (% of non workers / % of workers) * 100
Types of Migration
Immigration vs. emigration
Immigration
People who leave a place
Emigration
People who come to a place
Internal Migration
Migration in a country
Step Migration
Moving from one place to eventually move to another
Chain Migration
Moving to a place in accordance to another relative already at this new location
Cyclical Migration
Temporary immigrants
Forced Migration
Refugees
People forced from their home countries
Asylum
A grant of protection for refugees
Geopolitics (Politics that regard geography (borders, resources, etc.)
Push/pull factors
Factors that push or pull people to or from countries
Sovereignty
The authority to make political decision about control over people, land, and resources. (Political Power)
Refugee
People who are forced from their country due to war, persecution, natural disasters, etc.
Asylum
Protection granted by a nation to a refugee seeking help
Ethnonationalism
The belief that a nation is defined by a shared heritage/culture
Types of Boundaries
Geometric political boundaries
A straight line border w/ no real significance to geography or its people
Physical (natural) political boundaries
A border made around a geographic feature
Ocean boundaries
UNCLOS Treaty
The UN Convention of the Law of the Seas
0-12 miles off shoreline allows a nation complete sovereignty over this area of the sea, (territorial waters)
12-24 miles off the shoreline of a nation allows nation some control over this area of the sea, (contiguous zone)
200 miles off the shoreline of nation allows some claim over this part of the sea, (exclusive economic zone)
Outside 200 miles is considered international waters
If 2 or more countries involved will divide up the water evenly (median-line principal)
Types of Countries
Perforated State
A perforated state completely surrounds another state (South Africa, Italy)
Elongated State
A long, thin state (Chile)
Prorupted State
An otherwise fairly compact state with a large projecting extension (Thailand, Namibia)
Fragmented State
A state that is separated by a physical or human barrier (Indonesia)
Compact State
The distance from the center to any country is around the same (Poland)
Enclave State
A state that is completely surrounded by another state (San Marino)
Exclave State
A state that is partly broken off from its main territory (Kalinnigrad)
The Economy - The system of production, consumption and distribution of goods and services in a particular geographic region
Industrialization
When a society transitions from more agricultural life style to more of a factory based life style in cities
Primary Sector
Harvesting raw materials
Secondary Sector
Taking raw materials and manufacturing it into products of greater value
Tertiary Sector
Involves selling finished products or moving them around (Most service jobs are considered tertiary (restaurants))
More-developed Countries
Countries that have a more developed economy, more technological advancements, and more industrialized economy than that of a less developed country
Less-developed Countries
Countries that have less developed economies, that are less technologically advanced, and have a less industrialized economy than that of a more developed country (Mainly having an economy focused on the primary sectors)
Human Development Index
A statistical tool that measures average human development based on factors such as life expectancy, education, per capita income indicators, etc.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The total value of goods produced and services provided in a country annually, represented by the equation, GDP = C + I + G + (X - M), [C = consumption, I = Investments, G = Government expenditure, X = exports, M = imports]
GDP per Capita
Measure the economic output in relationship to it's population, represented by the equation, GDP per Capita = Real GDP / Population
Globalization Pros and Cons
The economic interaction between companies and governments world wide
Cons
Jobs get transferred to lower cost areas
Benefits the rich more than it does the poor
Gives more power to the rich
The exploitation of workers
It could have a negative affect on the environment
Pros
Encourages free trade
More trade means more jobs
Eliminates currency elimination
Gives more under developed countries opportunities to economically improve
Lessens the chance of war
Geographic Causes of Inequality
Abundance of natural resources
Access to trade
Disease
Land usability
Domestication oppurtunity
Amount of land accessable