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World Geography (Geopolitics - politics, especially international…
World Geography
Geopolitics - politics, especially international relations, as influenced by geographical factors.
Remittances - a sum of money sent, especially by mail, in payment for goods or services or as a gift.
Sovereignty - supreme power or authority.
Types of Border Disputes
Loactional Dispute - When a border moves, like a river changing.
Operational Dispute - Passage across the border is a problem.
Definitional Dispute - When border treaties are interpreted differently by different states.
Allocational Dispute - When a resource like oil is on both sides of the border.
Ethnonationalism - The belief thata nation is defined by a shared heritage which usually includes a common language, a common faith and a common ethnic ancestry.
Centripital Force - Forces that bring people together.
Centrifugal Force - Forces that pull people apart.
Types of Boundaries
Physical or Natural Boundary - Boundaries that are drwan according to geogprahy or natural borders. Examples of these borders would be rivers, mountain ranges or deserts.
Ocean Boundaries - Ocean boundries are the devisions we draw in the ocean to divide space. The UNCLOS treaty dictates how much each country gets.
Geometric Political Boundaries - Straight line boundaries that are drawn to form states that have been politically agreed upon and these boundaries don't account for geography or culture when dividing states.
Golbalization - the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
Geographic Disadvantages - When a country or group is put at a disadvantage because of the geography of their region.
Fertile Soil - Fertile soil is very important for many countries becuase it helps them grow food and make money, so if a country does not have fertile soil they are at a disadvantage in food production.
Deserts - Deserts are very bad for a country to have because there is no economic value in the desert and the deserts make it hard to communicate and trades with different regions and countrys.
Access to the Ocean - The ocean is an incredibly powerful resource and provide many things for a country. Ocean countries have access to fishing and all of the economic value of seafood and ocean resources. The ocean also allows for very easy communication and trade. Trade is very important and the main way of trading is by sea.
Abundant Natural Resources - Abundant natural resources can either be a gift or a curse. Often, these resources allow countries to make a lot of money. Although sometimes these countries are taken advantage of and used for their resources.
Demography - the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
Population Pyramids - A population pyramid, also called an "age-sex- pyramid", is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.
Demographic Transition Model - The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is based on historical population trends of two demographic characteristics – birth rate and death rate – to suggest that a country’s total population growth rate cycles through stages as that country develops economically.
In Stage 1, which applied to most of the world before the Industrial Revolution, both birth rates and death rates are high. As a result, population size remains fairly constant but can have major swings with events such as wars or pandemics.
In Stage 2, the introduction of modern medicine lowers death rates, especially among children, while birth rates remain high; the result is rapid population growth. Many of the least developed countries today are in Stage 2.
In Stage 3, birth rates gradually decrease, usually as a result of improved economic conditions, an increase in women’s status, and access to contraception. Population growth continues, but at a lower rate. Most developing countries are in Stage 3.
In Stage 4, birth and death rates are both low, stabilizing the population. These countries tend to have stronger economies, higher levels of education, better healthcare, a higher proportion of working women, and a fertility rate hovering around two children per woman. Most developed countries are in Stage 4.
A possible Stage 5 would include countries in which fertility rates have fallen significantly below replacement level (2 children) and the elderly population is greater than the youthful population.
Demographic Calculations
Infant Mortality Rate - The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths under one year of age occurring among the live births in a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 live births occurring among the population of the given geographical area during the same year.
Dependancy Ratio - The dependency ratio is a measure of the number of dependents aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, compared with the total population aged 15 to 64. This indicator gives insight into the number of people of nonworking age, compared with the number of those of working age.
Migration
Push and Pull Factors - Push and pull factors are factors that either fore people to leave a country or things that entice someone to move to a knew country. Examples of push factors would be a failing economy, a tyranical government or religious persecution. Pull factors would be a thriving economy, a good government or plentiful resources.
Forced Migration - Forced displacement is the involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region, resulting from a variety of external causes including natural disasters, violence, and persecution.
Refugees - a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
Asylum - the protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee.
Types of Migration
Step Migration - Step Migration is the idea of migrating to a better country in the hope that you will eventually migrate to an even better country.
Chain Migration - Chain mmigration happens when a family member or community member migrates and encourages others of the same cultures to follow.
Internal Migration - Permanent movement within a particular country
Cyclical Migration - Coming to a country temporarily at a certain time of year and doing it every yeah. Farm workers would be a great example of this.
Immigration vs. Emigration - Immigration is the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country and emigration is the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad.
Geography Basics
Five Themese of Geography
Location- Where a place is.
Absolute Location - The exact spot on the planet, one of a kind otherwise known as Longitude and Latitude.
Latitude - the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator, or of a celestial object north or south of the celestial equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.
Longitude - the angular distance of a place east or west of the meridian at Greenwich, England, or west of the standard meridian of a celestial object, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.
Relative Location - The position of something relative to another land mark. Also used to deascribe a general area.
Place - What its like when you get there.
Region - an area or division, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries.
Human Environment Interaction - Human Environmental Interactions can be defined as interactions between the human social system and (the “rest” of) the ecosystem.
Movement - How groups of people change and move around countries, regions and the whole world.
Mapping
GPS - which stands for Global Positioning System, is a radio navigation system that allows land, sea, and airborne users to determine their exact location, velocity, and time 24 hours a day, in all weather conditions, anywhere in the world.
GIS - A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data.
Map Projections - Because earth is a sphere it is impossible to represent on a flat surface without distortion. There are many different ways to map the globe on flat surface but all of these methods create distortion.
Proś Of Mercator Map - The mercator map always shows the correct longitude and lattitude and always stays in a straight line.
Cons of Mercator Map - The Mercator map allows the user to use correct longitude and latitude but it distorts the size of the countries the farther towards the north pole you get.
Climate and Weather
Climate - the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.
Weather - the state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc.
Climograph - A climograph is a graphical representation of basic climatic parameters, that is monthly average temperature and precipitation, at a certain location. It is used for a quick-view of the climate of a location.
Five Factors That Affect Climate
Orographic Effect - The orographic effect is a change in atmospheric conditions caused by a change in elevation, primarily due to mountains. This effect tends to leave a distinctive look to the mountains it touches. The windward side is cool and moist and the leeward side is warm and dry.
Elevation - The higher in elevation a place is the colder it will be.
Closeness to Large Bodies of Water - A large body of water moderates the temprature and keeps its stable for most of the year.
Ocean Currents - Ocean currents move around the ocean and blow cool air or warm air onto land. This can effect climate.
Latitude (Not Longitude) - As latitude increases the anual average tempreature increases.
UNCLOS Treaty, Economics and Territorial Morphology
UNCLOS Treaty - The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty, is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea.
Exlusive Economic Zone - The exclusive econmic zone extends from the contigous zone out to 200 miles offshore. Each country is entitled to 200 miles for economic purposes only.
International Waters - This is the area between countries that no one controls. Also referred to as the high seas because laws of countrys don't apply.
Contigous Zone - The contigous zone is the area that each country is alotted after their territorial waters. The contigous zone stretches from twelve miles to twenty four miles of the coast. In this zone the country has limited control but certain amount of control of stuff like emigration and illegal fishing.
Median Line Principle - The median line principle states that if therre is not 200 miles of ocean between countries then the space is divided in half.
Territorial Waters - As stated by the UNCLOS treaty each country is given twelve miles of total sovereignty, this area is called the countrys territorial waters.
Terriorial Morphology - The study of the shape of states
Compact State - The distance from the center to any boundary is about the same.
Prorupted State - An otherwise fairly compacted state with a large projecting extension.
Elongated State - A very long thin state.
Fragmented State - A state that is seperated by a physical or human barrier.
Perforated State - Completely sorrounds another state.
Enclave State - A country that is completely sorrounded by another state.
Exclave State - A part of the national territory that has been broken off .
Sectors of the Ecnomy - The differnt parts of the system of production, consumption and distribution.
Secondary Sector - Economic activities where raw materials are processed into finished products of greater value.
Tertiary Sector - Involves selling finished products or moving them around. Also most service jobs are considered tertiary.
Primary Sector - Economic activities that involve harvesting raw materials