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Geography (Geopolitics - when there is conflict about borders (Territorial…
Geography
Geopolitics
- when there is conflict about borders
Borders
Types of Borders
Geometric Political Bondries -
a border that is just a line
Physicsal or Natural -
a border on a physical or natural piece of land (ex. river, mountain, etc.)
Ocean Boundries -
borders in the ocean about who controll what section of ocean
UNCLOS
- UN Convention on Law Of the Seas, states how much ocean a country can control
Sectors of Soveirgnty
Contiguous Zone
- from 12 miles to 24 miles from shore, everyone is allowed inocent passage
Exclysive Ecominic Zone
- From the shore to 200 miles, the country has rights to the resources here
International Waters:
anything past 200 miles from a shore
Territoral zome -
from the shore to 12 miles, country has high control here
Median-Line Principal
- when there is not 200 miles between countries, you spilt it over the median line
Types of Disputes
Definitional
- when treaties are interpreted differently
Locational
- when a border moves, like a river changing course
Operational
- over who controls the passage across the border
Allocational
- over a resource that lies on both sides of a border
Soveirgnty
- the authority to make political decisions about contorl over people, land, and resources. (Political power)
Territoriality
- The connection of people and their culture to their land.
Territorial Morphology
Compact States
- when the distance from the center to any side is about even
Prorupted states
- when its mostly compact but with one large extension
Elogated State
- a long thin state
Fragmentes State
- states seperated by physical or human barriers
Perforated State
- a state that completly surrounds another
Exclave State
- Part of national territory seperated from the amin body
Enclave states
- a state completly surrounded by another
Centripetal Factors
- factors the bring a nation together
Centrifuga
l - factors that tear a nation apart
Ethnonationalism
- the idea that a nation is defined by a shared herritage
Economy
- a system of production, comsumption and distribution of goods and services in a region
Sectors of Economy
Secondary Sector
- manufactoring the raw materials
Tertiary Sector
- Selling the finished products or transporting them
More Developed Countries
Primary Sector
- involves harvesting raw materials
Less Developed Countries
Deindustrialization -
when a place shifts from being mostly in the secondary sector the to tertiary sector.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
- the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.
Human Development Index
- it is an index of life expectancy, education, and income per capita.
Globalization
- the way the economy developes to become more international
Pros
Productivity grows more quickly
Global Competition and cheap exports keep prices down
An open economy causes more inovation and invention
Exportation created more jobs, and it pays well
Cons
Increaced job outsourcing
There are a lot of poor working conditions in Primary sector economies
Degration of natural resources
Some countries struggle to compete with everyone else
Population patterns and Demography-
the study of human populations
Population Pyramids:
show the distribution of age and sex on a graph. (right side= women, left= men, youngest people on the bottom to oldest on the top)
Slow and Stable Growth
- when a counrty is balanced through out each generation, usally looks like a straight box.
Rapid / Increasing Growth
- when the pyramid is large at the base and skinny at the top. Usally a developing country.
Decline/ Negative Growth
- when the pyramid is larger at the top than bottom, usally shows a poopulation with too many old people and to few babies.
Migration
Imegration
- when people move to a place
Emigration
- when people move from a place
5 types of migration
Internal/ Interregional
- moving from one part of an country to another
Transnational
- moving from one counrty to another
Step
- moving in a series of steps, from a worse standard of living to a better standard of living. (ex. rural to city living)
Chain
- when an individual or group migrates and encourage others to follow. They estabished a migrant foothold.
Cyclical
- moving for a non-permenant period of time
Push and Pull factors
- motivation for migration (ex. war, good economy, job oppertunities, natural disasters)
Forced Migration
- when people are forced to leave their counrty
Asylum
- protection granted be a nation, given to refugees seeking help
Refugee
- the people who are forced to leave counrties
Remittances
- when people send money back to their family, who are usally in a poorer country, from a country that they migrated to. This helps the poorer country improve their economy.
Population Statistics
Death Rate:
shows for every 1000 people how many died: ([number of deaths/total population] times 1000)
Birth Rate
: shows for every 1000 people how many where born: ([number of live births/total population] times 1000)
Rate of natural Increase
- shows the percentage that the population is growing: (birth rate minus death rate/10)
Doubling time
- shows how long it will take a counrty to double: (70/rate of natural increase)
Total fertility rate
- shows how many women can expect to have: (number of children born/number of women ages 15-45)
Net Migration Rate
- to see how many people are moving in and out of a country: (number of imigrants minus the number of emigrants / the population divided by 1000)
Gravity Model
- shows the pull of migrants between places: (population of one country times the population of another country/ the distance squared)
Dependency ratio:
shows the ratio of nonworkers to people ages 15-65: (%of non-worker/%of workers)
Youth Dependency Ratio
- ratio : of people under 15 to workers (same equation as Dependency Ratio)
Old age Dependency Ratio
- ratio of people over 65 to workers (same equation as Dependency Ratio)
Demographic transition Model
- shows what happens to countries as the develope economically.
Stage 2
- high but lowering birth rates, (due to the patterns from stage 1), high but lowering death rates, (due to more medicine, acess to stable water, etc.), lots of popultation growth.
Stage 3
- Birth rates drop, (due to lower infant mortality, more gender equality, etc.), stabalizing death rates, (due to the same resons as stage 2), stabalizing popultation growth.
Stage 1 -
high birth rates, (due to high infant mortality rates, less education), high death rates, (due to bad sanitation, disease, famine, etc.), little to no popultation growth.
Stage 4
- low birth rates, low death rates, stable growth. Counrty is fully developed.
Ecology
Natural factors that affect Climate
Large bodies of water
(The closer to large bodies of water the more moderate the tempature)
Orographic affect
(only places with warmer water against mnts.)
When warm, moist air rises up mnts, it cools and condences.
Wind ward side is cool and moist
Lee ward side is warm and dry
Elevation
(higher elevation makes the tempature cooler)
Latitude
(the higher the latitude the lower the tempature)
Ocean Currents
(warmer water in currents makes the tempature warmer)
Weather
- the day to day temapture, percipitation, etc.
Climate
- the adverage weather patterns in a place
Climographs
- a graph that shows adverage tempatures and perciptation per month (bars = perciptation, line= tempatures)
Geography Basics
Five Terms of Geo
Location
- where a place is
Absolute Location-
the exact location of something
Latitude and longitude-
The global Map grid
Map Grid -
Divides maps into grids
Realative Location
- the location of somethuing compared to others
Cardinal directions
(North, South, East, West)
Region-
the area that multiple places reside
Human Enviromental Interaction-
how humans affect the enviroment, and visa-versa
Movement
- how "stuff" moves from place to place
Human Migration
Material import and export
Place-
What it is like at a location, (culture, society, etc )
Mapping tools
GIS
(Geographic Informataion System) - used to lay data on a map visually
GPS
(global positioning system) - used to find ones exact location
Map projections -
take a point on a globe and project in on paper (to slove map distortions)
Eckert IV
- focuses on continent size, distorts shape
Goodes Homolosine
- focuses on continent size, distort oceans
Mercator
- focuses on continent shape, distrorts size
Map Distortion
- every single 2D map is a little wrong
Geographic Causes of Inequality
African Disadvantages
Africa is so large, that there are multiple climates.
The rivers in africa are to wild to use for efficient travel or transport
The large deserts in africa make it hard for the continent to stay connected
There are many different languages in africa, which makes it hard for the continent to stay connected.