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World Geography :world_map: (Geopolitics: When countries engage in…
World Geography :world_map:
Geo Basics :hammer_and_wrench:
5 themes of Geography
Location: Where is it?
Absolute Location: Location according to your latitude and longitude, or your address. Precise point where a place is located.
Latitude: Your position on earth according to the parallels of latitude ( where you are horizontally ). Includes the Equator.
Longitude: Your position on earth according to the medians of latitude ( where you are vertically ). Includes the Prime Meridian..
Relative location: Your location in relation to something else. (North, South, East, West).
Place: What is it like when you get there?
Region: Geographers group in regions.
Human-Environmental Interaction: How humans and the environment interact and blend.
Movement: Migration of people and things.
GIS: Geographic information system
GPS: Global positioning system.
Map Projections: Representations of a place that show earth as flat, either size or shape, and distorts either size or shape.
Distortion: Since Earth is round, it is impossible to represent it as flat without distorting certain areas like size or shape
Example: Mercator projection.
The Mercator projection distorts the size and area of countries, but keeps the shape accurate. Since it preserves direction, it can be used for navigation.
Physical Geography: The natural features of the earth like the land and sea.
Human Geography: How people interact with the world around them and its resources.
Ecology: Humans and the Environment :deciduous_tree:
5 Factors that Affect Climate
Orographic Effect: Causes windward sides of mountains to be cool and moist, and leeward sides to be warm and dry.
Latitude: As latitude increases, annual average temperature increases.
Closeness to large bodies of Water: Being close to large bodies of water causes more moderate temperatures, less fluctuation, and more precipitation.
Elevation: For every 1000 feet, the temperature is 3 degrees less.
Ocean Currents: Warmer water creates bigger hurricanes.
Climograph: plots monthly average precipitation and temperature for a given location.
Climate: Average pattern of weather over time for a given region.
Weather: general condition of the atmosphere and place with regard to precipitation, temperature, etc.
Population Patterns and Demographics :small_red_triangle:
Demography: The study of human population patterns
Rate of Natural Increase: the percent population growth for one year.
Birth Rate: Number of births for a place out of 1000 people.
Death Rate: Number of deaths for a place out of 1000 people.
Life Expectancy: The average lifespan of a person in a given place.
Total Fertility Rate: The estimated average number of children per women ages 15-45.
Infant Mortality Rate: Number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1000 people.
Demographic Transition Model: Represents population change over time with birth and death rates.
Stage 1: Nations have a high birth and death rate, and there is no population growth.
Stage 2: Nations have a high birth rate and a falling death rate, and there is lots of population growth.
Stage 3: Nations have a falling birth rate and a low death rate, and the population growth is leveling off.
Stage 4: Nations have a low death rate and a low birth rate, and population stabilizes.
Dependency Ratio: A ratio between the working age people and the non workers of a population.
Population Pyramids: Used to show distribution between age and gender of a population.
Slow/stable Growth: A slow/stable growth pyramid is a population with a low infant mortality and death rate.
Rapid Growth: A rapid growth pyramid is of a population with a high birth rate.
Negative/declining Growth: A negative/declining growth pyramid is of a population with a small birth rate and is top heavy with old people.
Population Density: The amount of people living in a certain area (the density of those people).
Subsistence Economy: An economy where everything a family produces us used by that family, with basically no buying or selling.
Geopolitics: When countries engage in political disputes about geographic boundaries. :red_flag:
Territoriality: the connection of people and their culture to the land they inhabit.
Types of Boundaries
Geometric political boundaries:
Straight-line boundaries that do not relate to the cultural or physical features of the territories involved.
Physical/Natural Political Boundaries: When territories are separated according to natural features in a landscape.
Ocean/maritime Boundaries: The parts of bodies of water countries have sovereignty over according to boundaries. :
UNCLOS Treaty: UN Convention on the Law of the Seas: Set ocean/maritime boundaries
Contiguous Zone: The band of water from 12-24 nautical miles over which the country has limited control over.
Exclusive Economic Zone: Area of water up to 200 miles off the coast of a country that that country can claim resources in.
Territorial Waters: Water up to 12 miles off the shoreline of a country that a country has sovereignty over. All countries have the right of innocent passage through these waters.
International Waters: Water more than 200 miles off the coast that all countries have a right to.
Median-line Principle: States that if there is no 200 miles between 2 countries then they divide the space evenly.
Types of Border Disputes
Definitional: When border treaties are interpreted two different ways by states.
Locational: When a border moves (ex. river changing course) and nations don't know where border should be.
Operational: When borders are agreed to, but passage across is a problem.
Allocational: When a resource lies on two sides of a border and nations dispute over who gets what.
Sovereignty: The authority to make political decisions about control over people, land, and resources. (Political Power).
Ethnonationalism: The belief that a nation is defined by a shared heritage.
Centripetal Forces: Factors that hold together the social and political fabric of a country.
Centrifugal Forces: Factors that tear apart the social and political fabric of a country.
Territorial Morphology
Compact state: State where distance from center to any boundary is about the same.
Prorupted state: A fairly compact state with a large projecting extension.
Elongated state: A long, thin state.
Fragmented state: A state separated by a physical or human barrier. (Islands!)
Perforated state: A state that completely surrounds another.
Enclave state: A state completely surrounded by another.
Exclave state: Part of a national territory that has been broken up.
Economy: System of production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services of a place.
Primary Sectory: Involves harvesting raw materials (farm ,fishing, mining.)
Secondary Sector: Where raw materials are processed into finishes products of greater value.
Tertiary Sector: Involves selling finished products and service jobs.
Human Development Index: Measures life expectancy, education, and income levels of a country.
Gross Domestic Product: Calculated by subtracting imports from exports. Equation: GDP = C + I + G + (X – M)
GDP per Capita: The amount of GDP per person of a country and measures the standard of living.
Globalization
Pros: Reduces war, creates more better and safer jobs, helps less developed countries economically.
Cons: Jobs are transferred for cheaper labor, big companies exploit their workers, workers work long days for little money, environment and people's welfare are not thought of.
Industrialization: When a country becomes an industrialized society by the development of industries.
More Developed Countries: Countries with a good economy and are industrialized and have a good GDP.
Less Developed Countries: Non industrialized countries that do not have a strong economy and less than great GDP.
Migration Patterns and Controversies :silhouettes:
Migration: The movement of people from one area to another.
Types of Migration
Emmigration: When People move from a place.
Immigration: When people move to a place.
Internal Migration: When people move from one region of a nation to another.
Step Migration: When people move up in a hierarchy of locations.
Chain Migration: When one person or group moves to a new place and creates a new migrant community, bringing more people along with them.
Cyclical Migration: When workers migrate to a place temporarily and then return to their countries.
Remittances: Money sent back from temporary migrants to their families back home.
Forced Migration: When people are forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, natural disasters, etc.
Refugees: People who have been forced to leave their countries due to hardships.
Asylum: Protection granted by a nation to a refugee seeking help.
Factors
Push Factors: Factors that push people from their countries.
Pulll Factors: Factors that attract people to countries.
Geographic Causes of Inequality
Having Natural Resources
Block of land running up and down instead of running left to right.
No domesticated plants and animals
Disease-prone geography.
Not navigable rivers. (Not good trade routes).
Limited contact between communities.