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Nervous: Viviana Guzman Per:4 (Name of all lobes and their functions:…
Nervous: Viviana Guzman Per:4
Major functions of the nervous system
The major responsibility is to maintain body homeostasis
3 overlapping structures
sensory input: uses millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body (gathers info)
integration: nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done @ each moment
Motor output: nervous system activates effector organs- the muscle and glands- to cause a response
Name of all lobes and their functions:
Frontal lobe:
Pariental lobe:
occipital lobe:
temporal lobe:
Layers of the meninges
Dora mater
arachnoid mater
pla mater
Tissues: structure and function of a neuron
have extreme longevity
amiotic: as they communicate they lose the ability to divide
have an exceptionally high metabolic rate and requires oxegen and glucose
Classifications of neurons
Structure classifications are based on the number of process extending from their cell body
Bipolar Neurons: 2 processes, 1 axon, and 1 dendrites (extend opposite sides) (rare neurons found in special sense organs)
Multipolar Neurons: 3+ processes, 1 axon and rest dentrites (most common type)
Unipolar Neurons: single/short process emerges from cell body and divides T-like into proximal and distal branches
Function classification:
motor, or efferent neurons: carry impulses away from CNS to effector organs of body (multipolar)
interneurons or association neurons: lie between motor and sensory neurons in neutral pathways and shuttle signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs
sensory or afferent neurons: transmit impulses from sensory receptors in skin/ internal organs toward/ into central NS
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
spinal cord cross- sectional anatomy
dorsal horns: contain interneurons
lateral horns: contain visceral motor neurons
Ventral horns: contain somatic motor nerves
Action potential: a brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amp of about 100mV
generating an action potential:
2- depolarization: voltage -gated Na+ channels are open
3- repolarization: Na+ channels are inactivating and voltage-gated K+ channels open
1- resting state :all voltage - gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed
4- Hyperpolarization: some K+ channels remain open and Na+ channels reset
Diseases associated with the brain
Alzheimer's disease: degenerating brain disease in which beta-amyloid peptide deposits and neurofibrillary tangles appear
Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease: are neurodegenerative disorders of the basal nuclei
Major nerves of the body: 2 types of nerves
spinal
cranial
divisions of the PNS of the
body (ex. Sensory, motor, somatic, etc.)
Structure: Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Function: communication lines between the central nervous system and the rest of the body
Sensory (afferent) division: Structure-somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
Function- conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Motor (efferent) division: Structure-motor nerve fibers Function- conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscle and glands)
Somatic Nervous system: structure-somatic (voluntary) motor nerve fibers Function-conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Structure-visceral (involuntary) motor nerve fibers Function-conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, an glands
Sympathetic Division: Function-mobilizes boy systems during activity
Parasympathetic Division: Function- conserves energy and it promotes house keeping functions during rest
Cranial nerves
'most skin of the face and scalp is serviced by the cranial nerves
dermatome supplying sensory input to a cranial nerve
anatomy of the spinal cord
Gross anatomy and protection
spinal cord: 2-way conduction pathway and a reflex center, resides within the veretebral coumn and is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
Coverings
CT coverings include :
perineurium: coarse CT that bundles fibers into fascicles
Epineurium: tough fibrous sheaths around all fascicles to form the nerve
endoneurium: loose CT that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths
Neurotransmitters: most common and allows the release and reception of chemical messengers. Chemical Synapse (made of 2 parts)
Info. transfer across chemical synapse:
4) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and blind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
5) binding of neurotransmitter opens ion channels, creating graded potentials
3) Ca2+ entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter by exocytosis
6) neurotransmitter effects are determinated: 3 ways- 1-reuptake 2-degradation 3-diffusion
2) voltage- gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters the axon terminal
1) action potential arrives at axon terminal
Classification by chemical structure(molecule structure)
amino acids
peptides
biogenic amines
purines
acetylcholine
gases and lipids
Classification by function (binding receptor)
effects: excitatory vs inhibitory(or both)
inhibitory: causes hyperpolarization
excitatory: causes depolarization
Actions: direct vs indirect
direct: bind to and open ion channels
indirect: promote broader longer-lasting effects
Autonomic nervous system
consists of motor neurons (AKA: involuntary nervous system/ general visceral motor system
Divisions of ANS:1) parasympathetic: promotes maintenance functions, conserve energy
2) sympathetic: mobilizes body during activity