World Geography

Geography Basics

Geopolitics

Ecology

Migration Patterns and Controversies

Population Patterns and Controversies

Themes of Geography

Location (where is it?)

Place (what's it like when you get there?)

Region

Human - Environmental Interaction

Movement

The Tools of Geography

Geographic Setting: we use maps to find the location of places and how far apart they are

Absolute Location: the latitude and longitude of a place, or the exact location of a place (Latitude and Longitude)

Relative Location: the location of a place in relation to another location (North, South, East, West)

Latitude: Parallel to the Equator, goes east
Longitude: Run from Pole to Pole, goes north

Map Distortion

Mercator: a map in which the meridians are drawn parallel to each other and the latitude lines become wider apart the farther they get from the equator

Eckert IV: a map in which the length of the polar lines are half of the equator, the map is stretched in an ovular shape of the world

Goodes Homolosine: an equal-area projections of the world, distorting ocean areas in order to minimize the distortion of continents

Factors that Affect Climate

Latitude (NOT LONGITUDE): as latitude increases, the average annual temperature increases

Closeness to Large Bodies of Water: water moderates the temperature like cooler summers and warmer winters

Orographic Effect: windward side - cool moist, leeward side - warm, dry

Elevation: increase in elevation, decrease in temperature

Ocean Currents: warm current - warmer climate. cold currents - cooler climate

Climate vs. Weather

Weather: the condition of the atmosphere at the given time and place (precipitation, temperature, cloudiness, and moisture)

Climate: the average pattern of weather over-time for a given region

Climographs

a climograph plots monthly average precipitation and temperature for a given location

GIS: a geographic information system that takes every single piece of geographical data and presents it on a map

GPS: a radio navigation system that reports exact location, velocity, and 24-hour time to air, land, and sea users anywhere in the world

there is no right map, a circular globe can never be put into a flat map

the dotted line represents the temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit, the bar graph represents precipitation

Demography: the study of population based on age, race, and gender

Infant Mortality Rate: the number of deaths per 1000 live births of children under the age of one

Demographic Transition Model

Stage One: Pre-Transition - high birth rates and high death rates

Stage Two: Early Transition - high birth rates and decreasing death rates

Stage Three: Late Transition - decreasing birth rates and decreasing death rates

Stage Four: Post Transition - low birth rates and low death rates

Population Pyramids

Slow/Stable Growth

Rapid Growth

Negative/Declining Growth

Dependency Ratio: the percent of non-workers divided by the percent of workers equals percent under 15 + percent 65 divided by percent 15 - 64

Youth Dependency Ratio: percent under 15 divided by percent 15 - 64 multiplied by 100

Old-Age Dependency Ratio: percent over 65 divided by percent 15 - 64 multiplied by 100

Migration: movement from one place to another

Types of Migration

Push/Pull Factors: sometimes there are factors that push people to emigrate from their home countries. pull factors incentivize immigration to places with better options

Internal Migration: moving from region of a country to another

Step Migration: occurs when people move from one country to another

Emigration v. Immigration: Immigration: moving to a place (coming) moving, Emigration: moving from a place (leaving)

Chain Migration: occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foot hold

Cyclical Migration: occurs when workers migrate temporarily and then return to their country

Forced Migration: Refugees are people who have been forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, natural disasters, Asylum is protection granted by a nation to a refugee seeking help

Remittances: the action of sending money in payment

Geopolitics: when countries engage in political disputes about geographic boundaries

Sovereignty: authority to make political decisions about the control over people, land, and resources

Types of Border Disputes

Definition: border treaties are interpreted two different ways by states/countries

Locational: border moves, such as a river changing course or a lake drying up

Operational: borders agree to but passage across is a problem

Allocational: resource lies on both sides, so the question is, who gets what?

Ethnonationalism: the belief that a nation is defined by a shared heritage, which usually includes a common language, faith, and common ethnic ancestry

Centripetal v. Centrifugal

Centripetal: factors that hold together the social and political fabric of a country

Centrifugal: factors that tear apart the social and political fabric of a country

Types of Boundaries

Geometric: straight-line boundaries that don't relate to cultural or physical features of territories involved

Physical/Natural: separate territory according to natural features in the landscape

Ocean/Maritime: the UN has led the worlds efforts in creating boundaries of shared waters, set rules though UNCLOS

UNCLOS Treaty

countries that have territory on a coast exercise complete sovereignty up to 12 miles from the shoreline

all countries have right to "innocent" passage

Territorial Waters: waters under the jurisdiction of the state especially the part of sea within a shared distance of the shore (12 miles from shore)

Contiguous Zone: a band of water extending from the edge of territorial waters up to 24 miles from the coast

Exclusive Economic Zone: a country can claim up to 200 miles of territory beyond it's shoreline

International Waters: the open seas that generally begin 200 miles off shore and two countries usually "share it"

Median Line Principle: if there isn't enough water for each country on opposite sides of the sea to have 200 miles then 2 or more countries will dive up the waters evenly

Territory Morphology

Compact State: the distance from the center to any boundary is about the same

Prorupted State: an otherwise fairly compact state with a large projecting extension

Perforated: a state that completely surrounds another state

Elongated State: a long, thin state

Fragmented State: a stated separated by a physical or human barrier

Enclave State: a state completely surrounded by another state but not ruled by it

Exclave State: a part of the national territory separated from the main body of the country to which it belongs

Sectors of Economy

Economy: system of production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services in a particular geographic region

Primary Sector: activities that involve harvesting raw materials (e.g farming, fishing, mining, etc.)

Secondary Sector: raw materials are processed into finished products of greater value (e.g factories)

Tertiary Sector: selling finished products and moving them around, most service jobs (e.g pearl street, service jobs)

Globalization: a process where or other organizations develop international influence on an international scale

Pro's

productivity grows faster so living standards could go up

global competition is what lessens interfering with economic growth

open economy means more ideas

export jobs pay more

Con's

workers face threatening from employers to be replaced

many Americans have lost jobs because imports, so they have to find jobs that pay less

millions fear of losing jobs, especially those under competitive pressure

workers could lose their advantages when advanced factories are built in low economy countries

Geographic Causes of Inequality

they're usually national and structural

usually because of where a country is placed on the map

many are set behind because of favoration for a certain race

set behind because of a war or a late start to globalization