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WORLD GEOGRAPHY (GEOPOLITICS (Territorial Morphology - The study of the…
WORLD GEOGRAPHY
GEOPOLITICS
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Ethnonationalism - the belief that a nation is defined by a shared heritage, which includes a common language, a common faith, and a common ethnic ancestry.
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Types of border disputes
Locational - when the border moves, like a river changing course or a lake drying up
Operational - when borders are agreed to, but passage across the border is a problem
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Allocation - when a resource lies on two side of a border, who gets what?
Territorial Morphology - The study of the shapes of states and the effect those shapes have on human life
Prorupted state - An otherwise fairly compact state with a large projecting extension - Thailand,
Perforated state - a state that completely surrounds another state - South Africa, Italy
Compact state - the distance from the center to any boundary is about the same - Poland, France, Uruguay
Elongated state - a long, thin state - Chile, Norway
Fragmented state - a state that is separated by a physical or human barrier, several discontinuous pieces of territory - Phillipines, Indonesia, Fiji
Enclave state - A state that is completely surrounded by another state but is not rules by it - Lesotho, San Marino, Vatican City
Exclave state - An exclave is a part of national territory separated from the main body of the country to which it belongs - Azerbaijan, Angola
MIGRATION PATTERNS
(Human) Migration - the movement of people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily at a new location.
Types of migration
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Step migration
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With each move these migrants improve their situation (economically, setting the stage for future migration, etc.)
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Chain migration
Occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold.
Information is sent back to friends, family, business contacts, etc. Encourages others to migrate to the location. Over time, more and more people move in and a growing immigrant community is established.
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Forced migration
Refugees - Refugees are people who have been forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, natural disasters, etc. Often times refugees are running for their lives.
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Push and Pull factors - environmental, social, political, economic factors that motivate migration
Push factors - Leave poverty, fear, disasters, unemployment, persecution etc.
Pull factors - Find safety, opportunity, stability, freedom etc.
GEOGRAPHY BASICS
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Relative Location
North, South, East, West (NSEW)
Maps
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GIS - Geographic Information System is a way to layer data onto maps of districts, cities, counties, states etc. to visually see data and how it is displayed on a map
Map Projections - flattening the earth (globe) so that the longitude and latitude points are the same, but the shapes of countries and oceans vary
Eckert IV - distorts the shape of objects, but the size of objects in respect to each other are correct
Goods Homolosine - shape and size of countries are accurate but oceans are split in different ways and is not a perfect rectangle, circle or oval
Mercator - distorts the size of objects as the latitude increases from the equator to the poles, but the shape is accurate - Antarctica and Greenland appear to be much bigger they they actually are
Map Distortions - a sphere can't flatten without there being some type of distortion, different map projections have different types of distortions
ECONOMY
Sectors of the economy
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Tertiary sector - providing a service (nurse, teacher, lawyers, police)
Primary sector - extracting or harvesting raw materials from the natural environment (agriculture, mining)
Globalization
Pros - Increased economic growth, lower government spending because labor from other countries is cheaper, greater source of information, bigger market for companies
Cons - LOTS of people (Americans) have lost their jobs because companies can find people form other countries to do it for a much lower price, bigger gap between rich and poor people, loss of domestic industries
Geographic causes of inequality - some countries and areas are at a huge automatic disadvantage due to their geographical location. One example of this is Africa. Africa ahs so many examples of bad "geographical luck" and it has given them a huge disadvantage
ECOLOGY
Climate
Climate vs Weather - Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at the given time (precipitation, temperature, moisture, and cloudiness) and Climate is the average pattern of weather over time for a given region.
Climographs - a graph that represents a location's climate and it displays two variables; precipitation and temperature
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POPULATION PATTERNS
Demography - the study of population patterns in regards to changes such as migration, birth, death etc.
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Population pyramids - Demographers use population pyramids to evaluate the distribution of ages in a given population
There are a lot of different patterns based on the type of place that the pyramid is representing such as a first world country, a third world country, a military or college community etc.
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