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World Geography (Geo Basics (5 Themes of Geo (Location (Absolute Location …

- - - - Absolute Location - (Lat, Long, Address)
        
        Longitude - Imaginary lines that run across the earth dividing it into sectors
        
        Latitude - Imaginary lines that run up and down dividing the earth into sectors
      - Relative Location - A location in relation to another location using N,S,E,W or left and right
  - - - Mercator Projection (Pros and Cons)
        
        Cons - Distorts away from equator, Not useful in polar areas, Land area is not accurate and isn't good for comparison,
        
        Pros - Plot courses because of accurate lines on map between places, good for small scale viewing
- - - - Stage 2 (Early Development) - Still retains high birth rates as it transitions from stage one, but has a rapid decrease in the death rate. This results in drastic increase in the population. (Afghanistan)
      - Stage 3 (Late Development) - The death rates continue to fall until stable, while the birth rates begin to drop as well. This stage still retains rapid population growth, but as it approaches stage 4 the population growth slows. (India)
      - Stage 1 (Pre-Development) - Has high death and birth rates resulting in a relatively stable, low population. (Tribes in the Amazon in Brazil)
      - Stage 4 (Post-Development) - These societies have both low birth and death rates. The population at this point begins to slow and can even begin to decline if there are less than 2.1 children for every women. (Japan)
- - - - Refugees - People who have been forced to leave their home country due to conflict (war, persecution, etc.)
      - Asylum - Protection granted by a country to refugees fleeing their home countries.
- - - - Allocational - When a resource lies on a border.
      - Locational - When a border moves and causes arguments.
      - Definitional - When borders are interpreted in different ways by different countries.
      - Operational - When the border is clear, but crossing is an issue.
    - - Geometric Political Boundary - Straight line boundary that is unrelated to cultural or natural surroundings
      - Physical/Natural Political Boundary - A separation of territory due to the natural land features (rivers, mountains, etc.)
      - Ocean Boundary - The farther out from a country one gets the less control the country has. Other countries have to respect the rules of the UNCLOS treaty when in waters that belong in part to the country they are near to.
        
        Territorial Waters - Up to 12 miles from the shore, countries exercise complete sovereignty.
        
        Contiguous Zone - A band of water 12 miles out from the edge of the territorial waters. Extends 24 miles out from the coast. In these water countries exercise basic control and can punish "infringements of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory."
        
        Exclusive Economic Zone - Up to 200 miles from the coast is The Exclusive Economic Zone. In the E.E.Z countries claim rights to harvest natural resources that others can't. This includes things such as fishing and drilling.
        
        UNCLOS Treaty - An international agreement reached about ocean boundaries.
        
        International Waters - An area of the ocean owned by no one country, with equal international laws.
        
        Median-Line Principle - If there is not enough water to claim the full 200 miles of limited control, then countries use the median line principle to divide it up evenly.
    - - Prorupted state - A fairly compact state with with a large extension coming off.
      - Perforated state - A state that completely surrounds another state.
      - Elongated state - A super thin, long state.
      - Fragmented state - A state separated by boundaries (human or natural). Could be separated by water or maybe has another man-made state separating the two pieces
      - Enclave state - A state completely surrounded by another that is not a part of it.
      - Exclave state - A piece of a main state that is not connected to it.
      - Compact state - Compact, with relatively even distance from it's center to its' boundaries.
    - - Primary sector - The harvest of raw materials from the earth including mining and farming.
      - Secondary sector - The production of more valuable products from the raw materials.
      - Tertiary sector - The sector that provides services to consumers.