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World Geography (Geo Basics (5 Factors that Affect Climate (Latitude (As…

- - - - Centrifugal Force - Force that tears apart county (like ethnic/religious/racial difference or a failing economy)
      - Centripedial Force - Forces that hold together a country (like national pride and a well-liked leader)
  - - - Sovereignty is expressed within borders
      - Borders contribute to a sense of identity
      - Borders impact trade and the spread of culture and ideas
    - - Geometric political - Straight line boundaries that don't take into account natural boundaries or cultures
      - Physical/natural political - Political boundaries that are also natural boundaries
        
        Rivers
        
        Mountains
        
        Other physical boundaries
      - Ocean boundaries - made by the UN Convention on the Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS)
        
        Territorial Waters
        
        Ships from other countries have the right to "innocent passage"
        
        Extends 12 miles from shoreline
        
        Contiguous Waters
        
        Extends 24 miles from shoreline
        
        States have limited control to prevent "infringements of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory”
        
        Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
        
        Extends 200 miles from shoreline
        
        Countries have sole rights to economic resources (like fish and oil) in this zone
        
        International Waters
        
        Outside 200 miles from any shoreline
        
        It's owned by everyone
    - - Definitional
        
        Different countries have different interpretations of the border treaty
      - Allocational
        
        There's a resource on both sides of a border and it's unclear who gets it
      - Locational
        
        When the border moves (like a river changing where it flows)
      - Operational
        
        The location of the border isn't contested, but passage across of it is
  - - - Compact States - Distance from center of state to any part of the boundary is roughly equal
        
        Poland
      - Proruptated State - A fairly compact state with a large extension
        
        Thailand
      - Perforated State - A state that contains a separate sovereign state within it
        
        South Africa
      - Elongated State - A long, thin state
        
        Chile
      - Enclave State - A state completely surrounded by another sovereign state (a state within a perforated state)
        
        Lesotho
      - Exclave State - A part of a state that is separated from the larger main part
        
        Kaliningrad to Russia
      - Fragmented State - A state that has several discontinuous pieces of territory
        
        Indonesia
- - - - Immigration vs Emigration
        
        Immigrants - People moving to a place
        
        Emigrants - People moving from a place
      - Interregional/Internal Migration - Moving from one part of a country to another
      - Transnational Migration - Migrants move from one country to another
      - Step Migration - People move up a hierarchy of locations
        
        Their lives get better with every move (Ex: they get richer)
        
        Example: farm to town to outskirts to major city
      - Chain Migration - A migrant or group of migrants settle in a particular location
        
        They send information about the place back to friends/family back home, who then also migrate to the location (Chinatowns emerged as a result of chain migration)
      - Cyclical Migration - Workers migrate temporarily, then return home
        
        Countries that send migrants receive remittances - money sent back home from migrants
    - - Push factors cause people to flee a country (Ex: lack of jobs, wars, persecution)
      - Pull factors cause people to immigrate to a country (Ex: democracy, religious freedom, a good economy)
    - - Refugee - Person fleeing a country (They can be leaving due to war and persecution, for example)
      - Asylum - Protection given to refugees by a country
  - - - Stage 1: The country is extremely impoverished and underdeveloped; the population is low and stable because of how high birth and death rates are (birth rates extremely high)
      - Stage 2: The country starts getting extremely limited access to medicine and the country develops slightly - Population starts rising fast, as the death rate goes down, but birth rates don't (birth rates high)
      - Stage 3: Population skyrockets - Medicine and family planning become way more widespread; towards the end of stage 3, population stop expanding so quickly (birth rate moderate)
      - Stage 4: Population is stable (but higher than in stage 1), as death rates and birth rates are low
    - - High dependency ratios are extremely detrimental to the country, as there aren't enough resources for working age people to support their dependents
    - - Rapid growth - shows rapid growth in population (looks like a standard pyramid)
      - Negative growth (Top heavy pyramid) - shows that population is shrinking and the birth rate is extremely low (below 2.1)
      - Stable/Slow growth - (Working age cohorts are same size as baby cohorts); the top looks like a pyramid as the elderly die